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had a lighted window。          In the old sheepskin coat I had worn on the front 

and in my high fur hat�察�I felt like some ghost of the old regime visiting a 

town long dead。         The silence and emptiness of the streets contributed to 

this effect。     Still�察�the few people I met or passed were talking cheerfully 

together and the rare   sledges   and motors had comparatively  good   roads�察�

the streets being   certainly  better   swept   and   cleaned than they  have   been 

since the last winter of the Russian Empire。 


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                                         RUSSIA IN 1919 



                                     SMOLNI 



     Early in the morning I got tea�察�and a bread card on which I was given a 

very small allowance of brown bread�察�noticeably better in quality than the 

compound of clay and straw which made me ill in Moscow last summer。 

Then I went to find Litvinov�察�and set out with him to walk to the Smolni 

institute�察  �once    a  school    for  the  daughters     of  the  aristocracy�察   �then   the 

headquarters       of   the    Soviet�察   �then    the   headquarters      of    the   Soviet 

Government�察  �and   finally�察  �after   the   Government's   evacuation   to   Moscow�察�

bequeathed   to   the   Northern   Commune   and   the   Petrograd   Soviet。            The 

town�察  �in   daylight�察  �seemed   less   deserted�察  �though   it   was   obvious   that   the 

;unloading;       of   the   Petrograd     population�察    �which     was    unsuccessfully 

attempted during the Kerensky regime�察�had been accomplished to a large 

extent。     This has been partly the result of famine and of the stoppage of 

factories�察�which in its turn is due to the impossibility of bringing fuel and 

raw   material   to   Petrograd。     A  very   large   proportion   of   Russian   factory 

hands   have   not�察  �as   in   other   countries�察  �lost   their   connection   with   their 

native    villages。     There     was   always     a  considerable      annual    migration 

backwards   and   forwards   between   the   villages   and   the   town�察  �and   great 

numbers of workmen have gone home�察�carrying with them the ideas of the 

revolution。      It   should   also   be   remembered   that   the   bulk   of   the   earlier 

formed units of the Red Army is composed of workmen from the towns 

who�察  �except   in   the   case   of   peasants   mobilized   in   districts   which   have 

experienced       an   occupation      by   the   counter´revolutionaries�察       �are   more 

determined   and   better   understand   the   need   for   discipline   than   the   men 

from the country。 

       The most noticeable thing in Petrograd to anyone returning after six 

months' absence is the complete disappearance of armed men。                      The town 

seems to have returned to a perfectly peaceable condition in the sense that 

the need for  revolutionary patrols has   gone。            Soldiers walking about   no 

longer carry their rifles�察�and the picturesque figures of the revolution who 

wore belts of machine´gun cartridges slung about their persons have gone。 

       The   second   noticeable   thing�察  �especially   in   the   Nevsky�察  �which   was 


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                                         RUSSIA IN 1919 



once crowded with people too fashionably dressed�察�is the general lack of 

new clothes。       I did not see anybody wearing clothes that looked less than 

two years old�察�with the exception of some officers and soldiers who are as 

well equipped nowadays as at the beginning of the war。 Petrograd ladies 

were particularly fond of boots�察�and of boots there is an extreme shortage。 

I   saw   one   young   woman   in   a   well´preserved�察  �obviously   costly   fur   coat�察�

and beneath it straw shoes with linen wrappings。 

       We had started rather late�察�so we took a train half´way up the Nevsky。 

The tram conductors are still women。               The price of tickets has risen to a 

rouble�察�usually�察�I noticed�察�paid in stamps。            It used to be ten kopecks。 

       The armoured car which used to stand at the entrance of Smolni has 

disappeared   and   been   replaced   by   a   horrible   statue   of   Karl   Marx�察  �who 

stands�察   �thick   and    heavy�察  �on   a  stout   pedestal�察   �holding    behind    him    an 

enormous   top´hat   like   the   muzzle   of   an   eighteen´inch   gun。         The   only 

signs   of   preparations   for   defence   that   remain   are   the   pair   of   light   field 

guns which�察�rather the worse for weather�察�still stand under the pillars of the 

portico which they would probably shake to pieces if ever they should be 

fired。    Inside the routine was as it used to be�察�and when I turned down the 

passage to get my permit to go upstairs�察�I could hardly believe that I had 

been away for so long。           The place is emptier than it was。            There is not 

the   same   eager   crowd   of   country   delegates   pressing   up   and   down   the 

corridors and collecting literature from the stalls that I used to see in the 

old days when the serious little workman from the Viborg side stood guard 

over Trotsky's door�察 �and from the   alcove with its   window looking down 

into   the   great   hall�察  �the   endless   noise   of   debate   rose   from   the   Petrograd 

Soviet that met below。 

       Litvinov invited me to have dinner with the Petrograd Commissars�察�

which   I   was   very   glad   to   do�察  �partly   because   I   was   hungry   and   partly 

because   I   thought   it   would   be   better   to   meet   Zinoviev   thus   than   in   any 

other manner�察�remembering how sourly he had looked upon me earlier in 

the revolution。      Zinoviev is a Jew�察�with a lot of hair�察�a round smooth face�察�

and a very abrupt manner。           He was against the November Revolution�察�but 

when it had been accomplished returned to his old allegiance to Lenin and�察�

becoming   President   of   the   Northern   Commune�察  �remained   in   Petrograd 


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                                         RUSSIA IN 1919 



when      the  Government       moved     to   Moscow。      He    is  neither   an   original 

thinker nor a good orator except in debate�察�in answering opposition�察�which 

he does with extreme skill。           His nerve was badly shaken by the murders 

of his friends Volodarsky and Uritzky last year�察�and he is said to have lost 

his head after the attack on Lenin�察�to whom he is extremely devoted。                         I 

have   heard   many   Communists   attribute   to   this   fact   the   excesses   which 

followed   that   event   in   Petrograd。      I   have   never   noticed   anything   that 

would   make   me   consider   him   pro´German�察  �though   of   course   he   is   pro´ 

Marx。 He has�察�however�察�a decided prejudice against the English。                     He was 

among   the   Communists   who   put   difficulties   in   my   way   as   a   ;bourgeois 

journalist; in the earlier days of the revolution�察�and I had heard that he had 

expressed suspicion and disapproval of Radek's intimacy with me。 

        I was amused to see his face when he came in and saw me sitting at 

the   table。   Litvinov   introduced   me   to   him�察  �very   tactfully   telling   him   of 

Lockhart's attack upon me�察�whereupon he became quite decently friendly�察�

and said that if I could stay a few days in Petrograd on my way back from 

Moscow he would see that I had access to the historical material I wanted�察�

about the doings of the Petrograd Soviet during the time I had been away。 

I told him I was surprised to find him here and not at Kronstadt�察�and asked 

about   the   mutiny   and   the   treachery   of   the   Semenovsky   regiment。   There 

was     a   shout   of   laughter�察   �and    Pozern    explained      that  there    was    no 

Semenovsky regiment in existence�察�and that the manufacturers of the story�察�

every word of which was a lie�察�had no doubt tried to give realism to it by 

putting in the name of the regiment which had taken a chief part in putting 

down      the  Moscow       insurrection    of  fourteen    years   ago。   Pozern�察   �a  thin�察�

bearded   man�察  �with   glasses�察  �was   sitting   at   the   other   end   of   the   table�察  �as 

Military Commissar of the Northern Commune。 

        Dinner in Smolni was the same informal affair that it was in the old 

days�察  �only   with   much   less   to   eat。   The   Commissars�察  �men   and   women�察�

came   in   from   their   work�察  �took   their   places�察  �fed   and   went   back   to   work 

again�察�Zinoviev in particular staying only a few minutes。                   The meal was 

extremely simple�察�soup with shreds of horseflesh in it�察�very good indeed�察�

followed by a little kasha together with small slabs of some sort of white 

stuff of no particular consistency or taste。            Then tea and a lump of sugar。 


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                                      RUSSIA IN 1919 



The conversation was mostly about the chances of peace�察�and Litvinov's 

rather pessimistic reports were heard with disappointment。             Just as I had 

finished�察�Vorovsky�察  �Madame   Vorovsky  and   little   Nina�察  �together   with   the 

two Norwegians and the Swede�察�came in。 I learnt that about half the party 

were   going    on  to  Moscow   that    night  and�察  �deciding   to   go  with  them�察�

hurried off to the hotel。 


´ Page 15´

                                       RUSSIA IN 1919 



           PETROGRAD TO MOSCOW 



     There    was�察  �of   course�察  �a  dreadful    scrimmage      about   getting   away。 

Several   people   were   not   ready   at   the   last   minute。   Only   one   motor   was 

obtainable for nine persons with their light luggage�察�and a motor lorry for 

the heavy things。       I chose to travel on the lorry with the luggage and had 

a fine bumpity drive to the station�察�reminding me of similar though livelier 

experiences in the earlier days of the revolution when lorries were used for 

the transport of machine guns�察�red guards�察�orators�察�enthusiasts of all kinds�察�

and any stray persons who happened to clamber on。 

       At the Nikolai Station we found perfect order until we got into our 

wagon�察  �an   old   third´class   wagon�察  �in   which   a   certain   number   of   places 

which one of the party had reserved had been occupied by people who had 

no right to be there。       Even this difficulty was smoothed out in a manner 

that would have been impossible a year or even six months ago。 

       The wagon was divided by a door in the middle。                There were open 

coup=82s and side seats which became plank beds when necessary。                       We 

slept   in   three   tiers   on   the   bare   boards。   I   had   a   very  decent   place   on   the 

second tier�察�and�察�by a bit of good luck�察�the topmost bench over my head 

was occupied only by luggage�察�which gave m

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