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second tier�察�and�察�by a bit of good luck�察�the topmost bench over my head 

was occupied only by luggage�察�which gave me room to climb up there and 

sit more or less upright under the   roof with my legs dangling above   the 

general tumult of mothers�察�babies�察�and Bolsheviks below。                At each station 

at which the train stopped there was a general procession backwards and 

forwards through the wagon。           Everybody who had a kettle or a coffee´pot 

or a tin can�察�or even an empty meat tin�察�crowded through the carriage and 

out to get boiling water。       I had nothing but a couple of thermos flasks�察�but 

with these  I  joined   the others。  〃From  every  carriage on   the train people 

poured out and hurried to the taps。          No one controlled the taps but�察�with 

the   instinct   for   co´operation   for   which   Russians   are   remarkable�察  �people 

formed   themselves   automatically   into   queues�察  �and   by   the   time   the   train 

started again everybody was back in his place and ready for a general tea´ 

drinking。     This performance was repeated again and again throughout the 

night。    People dozed off to sleep�察�woke up�察�drank more tea�察�and joined in 


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                                          RUSSIA IN 1919 



the various   conversations that   went   on   in different   parts   of   the   carriage。 

Up     aloft�察  �I  listened   first   to  one    and   then    to  another。     Some       were 

grumbling at the price of food。             Others were puzzling why other nations 

insisted on being at war with them。              One man said he was a co´operator 

who   had   come   by   roundabout   ways   from Archangel�察  �and   describing   the 

discontent there�察�told a story which I give as an illustration of the sort of 

thing that is being said in Russia by            non´Bolsheviks。         This man�察�in spite 

of the presence of many Communists in the carriage�察�did not disguise his 

hostility   to   their   theories   and   practice�察  �and   none   the   less   told   this   story。 

He said that some of the Russian troops in the Archangel district refused to 

go   to   the   front。  Their   commanders�察  �unable   to   compel   them�察          �resigned 

and   were   replaced   by   others   who�察  �since   the   men   persisted        in   refusal�察�

appealed   for   help。      The   barracks�察  �so   he   said�察  �were   then   surrounded   by 

American troops�察�and the Russians�察�who had refused to go to the front to 

fire on other Russians�察�were given the choice�察�either that every tenth man 

should      be  shot�察  �or   that   they   should    give    up   their  ringleaders。      The 

ringleaders�察�twelve in number�察�were given up�察�were made to dig their own 

graves�察�and shot。        The whole story may well be Archangel gossip。                   If so�察�

as a specimen of such gossip�察�it is not without significance。                      In another 

part of the carriage an argument on the true nature of selfishness caused 

some   heat   because   the   disputants   insisted   on   drawing   their   illustrations 

from each other's conduct。            Then there was the diversion of a swearing 

match at a wayside station between the conductor and some one who tried 

to   get   into   this   carriage   and   should   have   got   into   another。   Both   were 

fluent     and   imaginative      swearers�察    �and   even    the   man    from     Archangel 

stopped talking to listen to them。             One�察�I remember�察�prayed vehemently 

that   the   other's   hand    might   fly   off�察  �and  the   other�察  �not   to  be   outdone�察�

retorted     with   a  similar    prayer    with    regard   to   the  former's     head。    In 

England the dispute�察�which became very fierce indeed�察�would have ended 

in assault�察�but here it ended in nothing but the collection on the platform of 

a small crowd of experts in bad language who applauded verbal hits with 

impartiality and enthusiasm。 

       At last I tried to sleep�察�but the atmosphere in the carriage�察�of smoke�察�

babies�察    �stale  clothes�察   �and   the  peculiar    smell    of  the   Russian     peasantry 


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                                     RUSSIA IN 1919 



which no one who has known it can forget�察�made sleep impossible。               But I 

travelled    fairly  comfortably�察   �resolutely  shutting   my    ears  to  the  talk�察�

thinking of fishing in England�察�and shifting from one bone to another as 

each ached in turn from contact with the plank on which I lay。 


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                                        RUSSIA IN 1919 



              FIRST DAYS IN MOSCOW 



     It was a rare cold day when I struggled through the crowd out of the 

station in Moscow�察�and began fighting with the sledge´drivers who asked a 

hundred roubles to take me to the Metropole。              I remembered coming here 

a year ago with Colonel Robins�察�when we made ten roubles a limit for the 

journey and often travelled for eight。           To´day�察�after heated bargaining�察�I 

got carried with no luggage but a typewriter for fifty roubles。               The streets 

were white with deep snow�察�less well cleaned than the Petrograd streets of 

this   year   but   better   cleaned   than   the   Moscow   streets   of   last   year。 The 

tramways were running。           There seemed to be at least as many sledges as 

usual�察  �and   the  horses   were   in   slightly   better   condition   than   last   summer 

when   they   were   scarcely   able   to   drag   themselves   along。      I   asked   the 

reason of the improvement�察�and the driver told me the horses��26��were now 

rationed like human beings�察�and all got a small allowance of oats。                  There 

were crowds of people about�察�but the numbers of closed shops were very 

depressing。      I did not then know that this was due to the nationalization 

of   trade   and   a   sort   of   general   stock´taking�察  �the   object   of   which   was   to 

prevent profiteering in manufactured goods�察�etc。�察�of which there were not 

enough to   go   round。      Before I  left   many  shops were being   reopened   as 

national concerns�察�like our own National Kitchens。                Thus�察�one would see 

over a shop the inscription�察 �The 5th Boot Store of the Moscow Soviet; or 

;The 3rd Clothing Store of the Moscow Soviet; or ;The 11th Book Shop。; 

It   had   been   found   that   speculators   bought�察  �for   example�察  �half   a   dozen 

overcoats�察  �and   sold   them   to   the   highest   bidders�察  �thus   giving   the   rich   an 

advantage over the poor。          Now if a man needs a new suit he has to go in 

his rags to his House Committee�察�and satisfy them that he really needs a 

new suit for himself。        He is then given the right to buy a suit。             In this 

way an attempt is made to prevent speculation and to ensure a more or less 

equitable distribution of the inadequate stocks。            My greatest surprise was 

given     me    by  the   Metropole      itself�察 �because    the   old  wounds      of  the 

revolution�察�which were left unhealed all last summer�察�the shell´holes and 

bullet    splashes   which     marked    it  when    I  was   here   before�察  �have   been 


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                                        RUSSIA IN 1919 



repaired。 

       Litvinov had given me a letter to Karakhan of the Commissariat of 

Foreign Affairs�察�asking him to help me in getting a room。                 I found him at 

the   Metropole�察    �still  smoking     as  it  were  the   cigar  of   six  months    ago。 

Karakhan�察     �a  handsome      Armenian�察     �elegantly    bearded    and   moustached�察�

once   irreverently   described   by   Radek   as   ;a   donkey   of   classical   beauty�察─�

who     has   consistently     used    such   influence     as  he   has   in   favour    of 

moderation and agreement with the Allies�察�greeted me very cordially�察�and 

told me that the foreign visitors were to be housed in the Kremlin。                  I told 

him I should much prefer to live in an hotel in the ordinary way�察�and he at 

once set about getting a room for me。 This was no easy                 business�察�though 

he   obtained   an   authorization   from   Sverdlov�察  �president   of   the   executive 

committee�察�for me to live where I wished�察�in the Metropole or the National�察�

which are mostly reserved for Soviet delegates�察�officials and members of 

the Executive Committee。           Both were full�察�and he finally got me a room 

in   the   old   Loskutnaya   Hotel�察  �now   the   Red   Fleet�察  �partially   reserved   for 

sailor delegates and members of the Naval College。 

       Rooms are distributed on much the same plan as clothes。 Housing is 

considered       a   State   monopoly�察      �and    a   general    census     of   housing 

accommodation         has   taken    place。   In  every    district  there   are   housing 

committees   to   whom   people   wanting   rooms   apply。          They   work   on   the 

rough and ready theory that until every man has one room no one has a 

right to two。      An Englishman acting as manager of works near Moscow 

told me that part of his house had been allotted to workers in his factory�察�

who�察�however�察�were living with him amicably�察�and had�察�I think�察�allowed 

him to choose which rooms he should concede。                 This plan has�察�of course�察�

proved   very   hard   on   house´owners�察  �and   in   some   cases   the   new   tenants 

have   made   a   horrible   mess   of   the   houses�察  �as   might�察  �indeed�察  �have   been 

expected�察�seeing that they had previously been of              those who had suffered 

directly from the decivilizing influences of overcrowding。                  After talking 

for some time we went round the corner to the Commissariat for Foreign 

Affairs�察�where we found Chicherin who�察�I thought�察�had aged a good deal 

and was ��though this was perhaps his manner�� less cordial than Karakhan。 

He asked about England�察 �and I told him  Litvinov knew more about that 


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                                        RUSSIA IN 1919 



than I�察�since he had been there more recently。              He asked what I thought 

would be the effect of his Note with detailed terms published that day。                  I 

told   him   that   Litvinov�察  �in  an  interview    which    I  had   telegraphed�察   �had 

mentioned somewhat similar terms some time before�察�and that personally I 

doubted whether the Allies would at present come to any agreement with 

the   Soviet   Government�察  �but   that�察  �if   the   Soviet   Government   lasted�察  �my 

personal opinion was that the commercial isolation of so vast a country as 

Russia could hardly be prolonged indefinitely on that account alone。 ��For 

the general attitude to that Note�察�see page 44。�� 

       I then met Voznesensky ��Left Social Revolutionary���察�of the Oriental 

Department�察�bursting with criticis

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