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russia in 1919(1919議躯忽)-及16嫗

弌傍�� russia in 1919(1919議躯忽) 忖方�� 耽匈3500忖

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merchants put up�察�who did not mind high prices and a superfluity of bugs。 

It has now been turned into a hive of office work�察�and is the headquarters 

of    the   Supreme      Council      of    Public     Economy�察      �which�察   �controlling 

production   and   distribution   alike�察  �is   the   centre   of   the   constructive   work 

going on throughout the country。 

       This Council�察�the theorists tell me�察�is intended to become the central 

organization of the state。        The Soviets will naturally become less and less 

important      as   instruments     of   political   transition    as  that   transition    is 

completed and the struggle against reaction within and without comes to 

an end。      Then the chief business of the state will no longer be to protect 

itself   against   enemies   but   to   develop   its   economic   life�察  �to   increase   its 

productivity   and   to   improve   the   material   conditions   of   the   workers   of 

whom it is composed。           All these tasks are those of the Supreme Council 

of   Public   Economy�察  �and   as   the   bitterness   of   the   struggle   dies   away   this 

body�察  �which   came   into   being   almost   unnoticed   in   the   din   of   battle�察  �will 

become more and more important in comparison with the Soviets�察�which 


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                                          RUSSIA IN 1919 



were   in   origin   not   constructive   organizations   but   the   instruments   of   a 

revolution�察�the hardest stages of which have already been accomplished。 

       It   is   perhaps   worth   while   to   set   out   here   the   constitution   of   this 

Council。      It   is   considered   at   present   as   the   economic   department   of   the 

All´Russian Central Executive Committee�察�to which�察�and to the Council of 

People's Commissaries�察�it is responsible。               It regulates all production and 

distribution。      It reports on the various estimates of the state budget and�察�in 

conjunction with the Commissariats of Finance and State Control�察�carries 

out   the   financing   of   all   branches   of   public   economy。      It   consists   of   69 

members�察�and is composed as follows��Ten representatives from the All´ 

Russian      Executive      Committee�察      �thirty   from    the  All´Russian       Industrial 

Productive Union ��a union of Trade Unions���察�twenty from the ten District 

Councils      of   Public    Economy�察      �two    from    the   All´Russian      Council     of 

Workers'      Cooperative      Societies�察   �and    one   representative      each   from    the 

Commissariats of Supply�察�Ways of Communication�察�Labour�察�Agriculture�察�

Finance�察�Trade and Industry�察�and Internal Affairs。                 It meets as a whole at 

least   once   in   every   month。     The   work   of   its   members   is   directed   by   a 

Presidium of nine members�察�of which it elects eight�察�the President being 

elected by the All´Russian Central Executive Committee�察�and enjoying the 

rank of a People's Commissar or Minister。 

       I   had   a   long   talk   with   Rykov�察  �the   President�察  �or   rather   listened   to   a 

long   lecture   by   him�察  �only   now   and   then   succeeding   in   stopping   him   by 

forcing a question into the thread of his harangue。                  He stammers a little�察�

and   talks   so   indistinctly  that   for   the   first   time   ��No。 The   first time   was 

when Chicherin gabbled through the provisions of the Brest Treaty at the 

fourth All´Russian Assembly。��   I   felt   willing   to   forgive   normal   Russians�察�

who nearly always talk as if they were in Petrograd and their listener in 

Vladivostok。 

       Part of what he said is embodied in what I have already written。                    But 

besides   sketching   the   general   aims   of   the   Council�察  �Rykov   talked   of   the 

present   economic   position   of   Russia。         At   the   moment   Russian   industry 

was in peculiar difficulties owing to the fuel crisis。                This was partly due 

to the fact that the Czechs and the Reactionaries�察�who had used the Czechs 

to screen their own organization�察�had control of the coalfields in the Urals�察�


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                                         RUSSIA IN 1919 



and partly to the fact that the German occupation of the Ukraine and the 

activities of Krasnov had cut off Soviet Russia from the Donetz coal basin�察�

which      had   been    a  main    source    of  supply�察   �although     in  the   old   days 

Petrograd   had   also   got   coal   from   England。      It   was   now�察  �however�察  �clear 

that�察�with a friendly Ukraine�察�they would have the use of the Donetz basin 

much sooner than they had expected。 

       The   Brest   peace   and   the   deprivations   it   involved   had   made   them 

consider the position of the industrial districts from a new standpoint�察�and 

they were determined to make Petrograd and Moscow as far as possible 

independent   of   all   fuel   which   had   to   be   brought   from   a   distance。     He 

referred   to   the   works   in   progress   for   utilizing   water   power   to   provide 

electrical     energy     for  the    Petrograd     factories�察   �and    said   that   similar 

electrification�察�on a basis of turf fuel�察�is planned for Moscow。 

       I asked how they were going to get the machines。                    He said that of 

course   they   would   prefer   to   buy   them  abroad�察  �but   that�察  �though   this   was 

impossible�察  �the   work   would   not   be   delayed   on   that   account�察  �since   they 

could     make     a  start  with    the   machines      they   had。    Turbines      for   the 

Petrograd   works   they  still   hoped to   obtain   from  abroad   when peace   had 

been   arranged。      If   the   worst   came   to   the   worst   he   thought   they   could 

make their own。         ;That is one unexpected result of Russia's long isolation。 

Her     dependence      on   imports     from    abroad    is  lessening。;     He    gave    an 

example in salt�察�the urgent need of which has led to the opening of a new 

industry�察�whose resources are such as to enable Russia not only to supply 

herself with salt�察�but the rest of the world as well if need should be。 

       I   asked    what    were     their   immediate      plans    with    regard    to   the 

electrification of Moscow。           He said that there was no water power near 

Moscow but big turf deposits which would be used as fuel。                      In order not 

to   interfere   with   the   actual   lighting   of   the   town   from   the   power´station 

already in existence�察�they are taking the electric plant from the Provodnik 

works�察�which will supply enough electricity for the lighting of the town。 

As soon as that is set up and working�察�they will use it for the immediate 

needs of Moscow�察�and set about transferring the existing power´station to 

the new situation near the turf beds。             In this way they hope to carry out 

the change from coal to turf without interfering with the ordinary life of 


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                                          RUSSIA IN 1919 



the town。 Eventually when things settle down they will get a larger plant。 

       I said�察 �Of course you have a double object in this�察�not only to lessen 

the   dependence   of   the   industrial   districts   on   fuel   that   has   to   be   brought 

from a distance�察�and of which you may be deprived�察�but also to lessen the 

strain on transport� ─�

       ;Yes�察─   �he   said。   ;Indeed      at  the  present    moment      the   latter  is  our 

greatest     difficulty�察  �hampering      everything     we    would    wish    to  do。   And 

transport we cannot put right without help from abroad。                    Therefore we do 

everything we can to use local resources�察�and are even developing the coal 

deposits   near   Moscow�察  �which   are   of   inferior   quality   to   the   Donetz   coal�察�

and were in the old days purposely smothered by the Donetz coal´owners�察�

who wished to preserve their monopoly。; 

       I asked him  if in his   opinion Russia could   organize herself  without 

help from abroad。          He said�察 �I rather think she will have to。               We want 

steam   dredgers�察  �steam   excavators�察  �and   locomotives   most   of   all�察  �but   we 

have   small   hope   of   getting   them   in   the   immediate   future�察  �because   the 

effects of the war have been            so serious in the disorganization of industry 

in   the   western   countries   that   it   is   doubtful   whether   they   will   be   in   a 

position to supply even their own needs。; 

       While we were talking Berg�察�the secretary�察�came in。 I asked him how 

his   Soviet   matches   were   progressing�察  �and   he   said   that   the   labels   were 

being   printed   and   that   the   first   lot   would   soon   be   ready。  They  will   be 

distributed on the card system�察�and he had calculated that they could sell 

them at twelve kopecks a packet。               I paid a rouble for a box of ordinary 

matches at Bieloostrov�察�and a rouble and a half here。 


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                                       RUSSIA IN 1919 



                THE RACE WITH RUIN 



    After    leaving   Rykov     I  went  to  see   Krestinsky�察  �the   Commissar     of 

Finance�察�the curious little optimist whose report on the Extraordinary Tax I 

had heard at the last meeting of the Executive Committee。              I found him in 

the Ilyinka street�察�in the Chinese town。         I began by telling him that I did 

not believe that   they meant   to pay the loans。         He laughed   and gave  me 

precisely the answer I had expected�此 �Of course we hope there will be a 

revolution in other countries�察�in which case they will repudiate their debts 

and forgive us ours。       But if that does not happen we know very well that 

we shall have to pay�察�and we are prepared to pay�察�and shall be able to pay�察�

in   concessions�察  �in   raw   material   which   they   need   more   than   they   need 

gold。; 

       Then�察�being myself neither an economist nor a theoretical socialist�察�I 

put before him what had been said to me in Stockholm by an Englishman 

who     was   both   one   and   the  other�察  �namely�察  �that�察 �being   isolated   from 

European finance�察�the Soviet Government of Russia was bound to come to 

an end on economic and financial grounds alone。 

       He said�此 �That would certainly be so�察�if rising prices�察�rising wages�察�

were to mean indefinitely increased demands on the printing machines for 

paper money。       But�察�while we are at present forced to print more and more 

money�察�another process is at work which�察�in the long run�察�will bring this 

state of things to an end。       Just as in our dealings with other countries we 

exchange goods instead of paying in money�察�so withi

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