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russia in 1919(1919議躯忽)-及17嫗

弌傍�� russia in 1919(1919議躯忽) 忖方�� 耽匈3500忖

梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




exchange goods instead of paying in money�察�so within our own frontiers 

money   is   ceasing   to   be   the   sole   medium   of   exchange。  Gradually   the 

workmen are coming to receive more and more in other forms than money。 

Houses�察  �for   example�察  �lighting   and   heating   are   only   a   beginning。   These 

things being state monopolies�察�the task of supplying the workman's needs 

without the use of money is comparatively easy。              The chief difficulty is�察�

of   course�察  �food   supplies�察  �which   depend    on   our  ability   to  keep  up  an 

exchange of goods with the villages。           If we can supply the villages with 

manufactured goods�察�they will supply us with food。                You can fairly say 

that our ruin or salvation depends on a race between the decreasing value 


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                                        RUSSIA IN 1919 



of   money   ��with   the   consequent   need   for   printing   notes   in   ever   greater 

quantities�� and our growing ability to do without money altogether。                   That 

is of course�察�a broad view�察�and you must not for a moment suppose that we 

expect     to  do   without    money    in   the  immediate     future。    I   am   merely 

showing   you   the   two   opposing   tendencies   on   which   our   economic   fate 

depends。; 

       I will not set down here what he said about the Extraordinary Tax�察�for 

it was merely a repetition of what I had heard him say in committee。                     In 

connection with it�察�however�察�he admitted that capitalism and profiteering 

were hard things to root out�察�saying that they had great difficulty in getting 

at what he called ;the new bourgeoisie�察─�namely the speculators who have 

made   fortunes   since   the   revolution   by   selling   scarce   food     products   at 

fantastic prices。     It was difficult to tax them because they carried on their 

operations secretly and it was next to impossible to find out who they were。 

They did not bank their money�察�and though an attempt had been made to 

get at   them  through   the   house   committees�察 �it   was   found   that   even   these 

committees were unable to detect them。              They will�察�however�察�be made to 

disgorge      their  ill´gotten   gains    when    the   measure     first  proposed     by 

Sokolnikov last summer is put into practice。              This is a general exchange 

of new money for old�察�after which the old will be declared invalid。                    ;Of 

course�察─�said Krestinsky�察 �they will cheat in every possible way�察�scattering 

out the money among a number of friends and relations。                   But something 

will    have   been   done    in  cleaning    them    up�察  �and   that  process    will  be 

completed by a second exchange of money later on。; 



       Fifteen   milliards    of   new  notes   for   the  first   exchange   are  already 

printed�察�but they think that twenty milliards will be necessary。 

       I asked if the new money was better looking than the old�察�if it looked 

more   like   money   that   was   worth   having   than   the   wretched   little   notes 

printed by the Provisional Government and scornfully called ;Kerenkies; 

by the populace。 Krestinsky said he was afraid not�察�but that the second and 

final   exchange      would    be   made    in  notes   which     they   expected    to  be 

permanent。       They     did   not  expect    the  notes   of   the  first  exchange     to 

circulate abroad�察�but the notes of the second would carry with them state 


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                                         RUSSIA IN 1919 



obligation and they expected them to go into general currency。                  He added�察�

smiling that the words ;Proletariat of all lands�察�unite�察─�were to appear on 

the notes   in eight   languages。       The question of the look   of the  notes�察 �of 

their   ability   to   inspire   confidence   by   their   mere   appearance�察  �is   of   real 

importance in a country where so many of the peasantry will judge their 

value by nothing else。 

       I reminded him of the hostility roused in some villages by mistakes in 

the   assessment   and   collecting   of   the   Extraordinary   Tax�察  �mistakes   which 

��so other Communists had assured me�� would cost them more�察�politically�察�

than the tax was worth to them�察�and asked him�察 �Will you not have great 

difficulty in getting the exchange made�察�and are you not running the risk 

of providing the reactionaries with a new profitable basis of agitation�拭─�

       He said that of course they would not make the attempt unless they 

felt sure they were politically strong enough to carry it through。 ;If it is 

properly explained to the villages there will be nothing to fear�察�because the 

measure will not threaten any but the rich and therefore the small minority 

of the peasantry。       It would be a different matter if the same thing were to 

be     tried   by   the    counter´revolutionaries�察       �because     they    would      not 

discriminate in favour of the poor。 If Kolchak and Company overthrow us 

and   try  to   substitute their   money  for   ours�察�their   action   would   affect   rich 

and    poor    alike�察 �minority    and   majority     together。    If  there   were    not   a 

hundred other causes guaranteeing the insecurity of their position�察�the fact 

that they will be unable to get rid of our money without rousing the most 

violent   opposition   in   the   masses   throughout   the   country  would   alone   be 

sufficient to do it。; 

       I asked whether that was the reason why they intended to print on the 

notes ;Proletariat of all lands�察�unite�察─�so that the counter´revolutionaries�察�

unable to tolerate money bearing that hated phrase�察�should be forced to a 

step disastrous for themselves。 

       He laughed�察�and said that he did not think counter´revolution in the 

least    likely   unless   brought     in  by   invasion�察   �which     he   did   not  think 

politically possible。 


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                                         RUSSIA IN 1919 



                  A PLAY OF CHEKHOV 



     February 21st。 

       I saw Chekhov's ;Uncle Vanya; acted by the cast of the Art Theatre 

in the First Studio。       This is a little theatre holding just over 200 people。 

It was of course full。        It was curious to see how complete the revolution 

had been in a social sense。 It was impossible to tell to what class in pre´ 

revolutionary days any particular member of the audience had belonged。 

I was struck by the new smartness of the boy officers of the Red Army�察�of 

whom a fair number were present。              As we waited for the curtain to rise�察�I 

thought how the mental attitude of the people had changed。                    A year ago�察�

we lived with exhilaration or despair on a volcano which might any day 

erupt     and   sweep     away     the   new    life  before    any    one    had   become 

accustomed to live it。        Now the danger to the revolution was a thousand 

miles away on the various fronts。            Here�察�in the centre�察�the revolution was 

an   established   fact。    People   had   ceased   to   wonder   when   it   would   end�察�

were   settling   into   their   places   in   the   new   social   order�察  �and   took   their 

pleasures not as if they were plucking flowers on their way to execution�察�

but in the ordinary routine of life。 

       The   play   is   well   known�察  �a   drama   of   bourgeois   society   in   a   small 

country place。       A poor landowner scraping money for an elder brother in 

the town�察  �realizing at   last   that   the brother   was not   the genius   for   whom 

such   sacrifice   was   worth   while�察  �a   doctor   with   a   love   for   forestry   and 

dreams   of   the   future�察  �the   old   mock´genius's   young   wife�察  �his   sister�察  �his 

adoring   mother�察  �the   old   nurse   and   the   ancient   dependent   adopted�察  �as   it 

were�察�with the estate�察�all these people in their own way make each other 

suffer。    Chekhov's       irony   places    before   us   wasted    lives�察 �hopelessness�察�

exaggerated   interest   in   personalities�察  �vain   strugglings   after   some   better 

outlet for the expression of selves not worth expressing。 

       That play�察�acted to´day�察�seemed as remote as a play of the old regime 

in   France   would   have   seemed   five   years   ago。      A  gulf   seemed   to   have 

passed。      The   play   had   become   a   play   of   historical   interest�察  �the   life   it 

represented had gone for ever。           People in Russia no longer have time for 


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                                        RUSSIA IN 1919 



private lives of such a character。          Such people no longer exist�察�some of 

them have been swept into the flood´tide of revolution and are working as 

they never hoped to have the chance to work�察�others�察�less generous�察�have 

been broken and thrown aside。 The revolution has been hard on some�察�and 

has given new life to others。         It has swept away that old life so absolutely 

that�察�come what may�察�it will be a hundred years               at least before anywhere 

in Russia people will be able to be unhappy in that particular way again。 

       The subject of ;Uncle Vanya; was a great deal more remote from the 

Russian   audience   of   today  than   was   the   opera   of   ;Samson   and   Delilah; 

which I heard last week。          And�察�if I realized that the revolution had come 

to stay�察�if I realized that Chekhov's play had become a play of historical 

interest�察�I realized also that Chekhov was a great master in that his work 

carried   across   the   gulf   between   the   old   life   and   the   new�察  �and   affected   a 

revolutionary      audience     of  to´day    as  strongly    as  it  affected   that  very 

different audience of a few years ago。            Indeed�察�the play seemed almost to 

have gained by the revolution�察�which had lent it�察�perhaps�察�more irony than 

was in Chekhov's mind as he wrote。             Was this the old life�拭      �I thought�察�as 

I stepped out into the snow。         If so�察�then thank God it has gone� �


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                                        RUSSIA IN 1919 



                THE CENTRO´TEXTILE 



     February 22nd。 

       This   morning   I   drove   to   the   Dielovoi   Dvor�察  �the   big   house   on   the 

Varvarskaya Square which is occupied by the central organization of the 

textile   industry。    The   head   of   this   organization   is   Nogin�察  �an   extremely 

capable�察  �energetic   Russian�察  �so   capable�察  �indeed�察  �that   I   found   it   hard   to 

believe he   could   really  be a   Russian。      He   is   a   big man�察 �with   a   mass   of 

thick brown shaggy hair�察�so thick that the little bald patch on the top of his 

head seems like an artificial tonsure。          Nogin sketched th

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