russia in 1919(1919議躯忽)-及17嫗
梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
exchange goods instead of paying in money�察�so within our own frontiers
money is ceasing to be the sole medium of exchange。 Gradually the
workmen are coming to receive more and more in other forms than money。
Houses�察 �for example�察 �lighting and heating are only a beginning。 These
things being state monopolies�察�the task of supplying the workman's needs
without the use of money is comparatively easy。 The chief difficulty is�察�
of course�察 �food supplies�察 �which depend on our ability to keep up an
exchange of goods with the villages。 If we can supply the villages with
manufactured goods�察�they will supply us with food。 You can fairly say
that our ruin or salvation depends on a race between the decreasing value
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of money ��with the consequent need for printing notes in ever greater
quantities�� and our growing ability to do without money altogether。 That
is of course�察�a broad view�察�and you must not for a moment suppose that we
expect to do without money in the immediate future。 I am merely
showing you the two opposing tendencies on which our economic fate
depends。;
I will not set down here what he said about the Extraordinary Tax�察�for
it was merely a repetition of what I had heard him say in committee。 In
connection with it�察�however�察�he admitted that capitalism and profiteering
were hard things to root out�察�saying that they had great difficulty in getting
at what he called ;the new bourgeoisie�察─�namely the speculators who have
made fortunes since the revolution by selling scarce food products at
fantastic prices。 It was difficult to tax them because they carried on their
operations secretly and it was next to impossible to find out who they were。
They did not bank their money�察�and though an attempt had been made to
get at them through the house committees�察 �it was found that even these
committees were unable to detect them。 They will�察�however�察�be made to
disgorge their ill´gotten gains when the measure first proposed by
Sokolnikov last summer is put into practice。 This is a general exchange
of new money for old�察�after which the old will be declared invalid。 ;Of
course�察─�said Krestinsky�察 �they will cheat in every possible way�察�scattering
out the money among a number of friends and relations。 But something
will have been done in cleaning them up�察 �and that process will be
completed by a second exchange of money later on。;
Fifteen milliards of new notes for the first exchange are already
printed�察�but they think that twenty milliards will be necessary。
I asked if the new money was better looking than the old�察�if it looked
more like money that was worth having than the wretched little notes
printed by the Provisional Government and scornfully called ;Kerenkies;
by the populace。 Krestinsky said he was afraid not�察�but that the second and
final exchange would be made in notes which they expected to be
permanent。 They did not expect the notes of the first exchange to
circulate abroad�察�but the notes of the second would carry with them state
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obligation and they expected them to go into general currency。 He added�察�
smiling that the words ;Proletariat of all lands�察�unite�察─�were to appear on
the notes in eight languages。 The question of the look of the notes�察 �of
their ability to inspire confidence by their mere appearance�察 �is of real
importance in a country where so many of the peasantry will judge their
value by nothing else。
I reminded him of the hostility roused in some villages by mistakes in
the assessment and collecting of the Extraordinary Tax�察 �mistakes which
��so other Communists had assured me�� would cost them more�察�politically�察�
than the tax was worth to them�察�and asked him�察 �Will you not have great
difficulty in getting the exchange made�察�and are you not running the risk
of providing the reactionaries with a new profitable basis of agitation�拭─�
He said that of course they would not make the attempt unless they
felt sure they were politically strong enough to carry it through。 ;If it is
properly explained to the villages there will be nothing to fear�察�because the
measure will not threaten any but the rich and therefore the small minority
of the peasantry。 It would be a different matter if the same thing were to
be tried by the counter´revolutionaries�察 �because they would not
discriminate in favour of the poor。 If Kolchak and Company overthrow us
and try to substitute their money for ours�察�their action would affect rich
and poor alike�察 �minority and majority together。 If there were not a
hundred other causes guaranteeing the insecurity of their position�察�the fact
that they will be unable to get rid of our money without rousing the most
violent opposition in the masses throughout the country would alone be
sufficient to do it。;
I asked whether that was the reason why they intended to print on the
notes ;Proletariat of all lands�察�unite�察─�so that the counter´revolutionaries�察�
unable to tolerate money bearing that hated phrase�察�should be forced to a
step disastrous for themselves。
He laughed�察�and said that he did not think counter´revolution in the
least likely unless brought in by invasion�察 �which he did not think
politically possible。
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RUSSIA IN 1919
A PLAY OF CHEKHOV
February 21st。
I saw Chekhov's ;Uncle Vanya; acted by the cast of the Art Theatre
in the First Studio。 This is a little theatre holding just over 200 people。
It was of course full。 It was curious to see how complete the revolution
had been in a social sense。 It was impossible to tell to what class in pre´
revolutionary days any particular member of the audience had belonged。
I was struck by the new smartness of the boy officers of the Red Army�察�of
whom a fair number were present。 As we waited for the curtain to rise�察�I
thought how the mental attitude of the people had changed。 A year ago�察�
we lived with exhilaration or despair on a volcano which might any day
erupt and sweep away the new life before any one had become
accustomed to live it。 Now the danger to the revolution was a thousand
miles away on the various fronts。 Here�察�in the centre�察�the revolution was
an established fact。 People had ceased to wonder when it would end�察�
were settling into their places in the new social order�察 �and took their
pleasures not as if they were plucking flowers on their way to execution�察�
but in the ordinary routine of life。
The play is well known�察 �a drama of bourgeois society in a small
country place。 A poor landowner scraping money for an elder brother in
the town�察 �realizing at last that the brother was not the genius for whom
such sacrifice was worth while�察 �a doctor with a love for forestry and
dreams of the future�察 �the old mock´genius's young wife�察 �his sister�察 �his
adoring mother�察 �the old nurse and the ancient dependent adopted�察 �as it
were�察�with the estate�察�all these people in their own way make each other
suffer。 Chekhov's irony places before us wasted lives�察 �hopelessness�察�
exaggerated interest in personalities�察 �vain strugglings after some better
outlet for the expression of selves not worth expressing。
That play�察�acted to´day�察�seemed as remote as a play of the old regime
in France would have seemed five years ago。 A gulf seemed to have
passed。 The play had become a play of historical interest�察 �the life it
represented had gone for ever。 People in Russia no longer have time for
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private lives of such a character。 Such people no longer exist�察�some of
them have been swept into the flood´tide of revolution and are working as
they never hoped to have the chance to work�察�others�察�less generous�察�have
been broken and thrown aside。 The revolution has been hard on some�察�and
has given new life to others。 It has swept away that old life so absolutely
that�察�come what may�察�it will be a hundred years at least before anywhere
in Russia people will be able to be unhappy in that particular way again。
The subject of ;Uncle Vanya; was a great deal more remote from the
Russian audience of today than was the opera of ;Samson and Delilah;
which I heard last week。 And�察�if I realized that the revolution had come
to stay�察�if I realized that Chekhov's play had become a play of historical
interest�察�I realized also that Chekhov was a great master in that his work
carried across the gulf between the old life and the new�察 �and affected a
revolutionary audience of to´day as strongly as it affected that very
different audience of a few years ago。 Indeed�察�the play seemed almost to
have gained by the revolution�察�which had lent it�察�perhaps�察�more irony than
was in Chekhov's mind as he wrote。 Was this the old life�拭 �I thought�察�as
I stepped out into the snow。 If so�察�then thank God it has gone� �
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THE CENTRO´TEXTILE
February 22nd。
This morning I drove to the Dielovoi Dvor�察 �the big house on the
Varvarskaya Square which is occupied by the central organization of the
textile industry。 The head of this organization is Nogin�察 �an extremely
capable�察 �energetic Russian�察 �so capable�察 �indeed�察 �that I found it hard to
believe he could really be a Russian。 He is a big man�察 �with a mass of
thick brown shaggy hair�察�so thick that the little bald patch on the top of his
head seems like an artificial tonsure。 Nogin sketched th