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the essays of montaigne, v17-及4嫗

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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��



each of them in his kind�此�but what destiny was it that placed them in
these times�察�men so remote from and so disproportioned to our corruption
and intestine tumults��

Nothing presses so hard upon a state as innovation�此�change only gives
form to injustice and tyranny。  When any piece is loosened�察�it may be
proper to stay it�察�one may take care that the alteration and corruption
natural to all things do not carry us too far from our beginnings and
principles�此�but to undertake to found so great a mass anew�察�and to change
the foundations of so vast a building�察�is for them to do�察�who to make
clean�察�efface�察�who reform particular defects by an universal confusion��
and cure diseases by death��

      ;Non tam commutandarum quam evertendarum rerum cupidi。;

     �А�Not so desirous of changing as of overthrowing things。;
     Cicero�察�De 0ffic。�察�ii。 i。��

The world is unapt to be cured�察�and so impatient of anything that presses
it�察�that it thinks of nothing but disengaging itself at what price
soever。  We see by a thousand examples�察�that it ordinarily cures itself
to its cost。  The discharge of a present evil is no cure�察�if there be not
a general amendment of condition。  The surgeon's end is not only to cut
away the dead flesh�察�that is but the progress of his cure�察�he has a care��
over and above�察�to fill up the wound with better and more natural flesh��
and to restore the member to its due state。  Whoever only proposes to
himself to remove that which offends him�察�falls short�此�for good does not
necessarily succeed evil�察�another evil may succeed�察�and a worse�察�as it
happened to Caesar's murderers�察�who brought the republic to such a pass��
that they had reason to repent the meddling with the matter。  The same
has since happened to several others�察�even down to our own times�此�the
French�察�my contemporaries�察�know it well enough。  All great mutations
shake and disorder a state。

Whoever would look direct at a cure�察�and well consider of it before he
began�察�would be very willing to withdraw his hands from meddling in it。
Pacuvius Calavius corrected the vice of this proceeding by a notable
example。  His fellow´citizens were in mutiny against their magistrates��
he being a man of great authority in the city of Capua�察�found means one
day to shut up the Senators in the palace�察�and calling the people
together in the market´place�察�there told them that the day was now come
wherein at full liberty they might revenge themselves on the tyrants by
whom they had been so long oppressed�察�and whom he had now�察�all alone and
unarmed�察�at his mercy。  He then advised that they should call these out��
one by one�察�by lot�察�and should individually determine as to each�察�causing
whatever should be decreed to be immediately executed�察�with this proviso��
that they should�察�at the same time�察�depute some honest man in the place
of him who was condemned�察�to the end there might be no vacancy in the
Senate。  They had no sooner heard the name of one senator but a great cry
of universal dislike was raised up against him。  ;I see�察─�says Pacuvius��
;that we must put him out�察�he is a wicked fellow�察�let us look out a good
one in his room。;  Immediately there was a profound silence�察�every one
being at a stand whom to choose。  But one�察�more impudent than the rest��
having named his man�察�there arose yet a greater consent of voices against
him�察�an hundred imperfections being laid to his charge�察�and as many just
reasons why he should not stand。  These contradictory humours growing
hot�察�it fared worse with the second senator and the third�察�there being as
much disagreement in the election of the new�察�as consent in the putting
out of the old。  In the end�察�growing weary of this bustle to no purpose��
they began�察�some one way and some another�察�to steal out of the assembly��
every one carrying back this resolution in his mind�察�that the oldest and
best known evil was ever more supportable than one that was�察�new and
untried。

Seeing how miserably we are agitated ��for what have we not done�。�

              ;Eheu� �cicatricum�察�et sceleris pudet��
               Fratrumque�此�quid nos dura refugimus
               AEtas�拭 �quid intactum nefasti
               Liquimus�拭 �Unde manus inventus
               Metu Deorum continuit�拭 �quibus
               Pepercit aris。;

     �А�Alas� �our crimes and our fratricides are a shame to us�  �What
     crime does this bad age shrink from�拭 �What wickedness have we left
     undone�拭 �What youth is restrained from evil by the fear of the gods��
     What altar is spared�拭�Horace�察�Od。�察�i。  33�察�35��

I do not presently conclude��

                              ;Ipsa si velit Salus��
               Servare prorsus non potest hanc familiam�察�

     �А�If the goddess Salus herself wish to save this family�察�she
     absolutely cannot;Terence�察�Adelph。�察�iv。 7�察�43。��

we are not�察�peradventure�察�at our last gasp。  The conservation of states
is a thing that�察�in all likelihood�察�surpasses our understanding��a civil
government is�察�as Plato says�察�a mighty and puissant thing�察�and hard to be
dissolved�察�it often continues against mortal and intestine diseases��
against the injury of unjust laws�察�against tyranny�察�the corruption and
ignorance of magistrates�察�the licence and sedition of the people。  In all
our fortunes�察�we compare ourselves to what is above us�察�and still look
towards those who are better�此�but let us measure ourselves with what is
below us�此�there is no condition so miserable wherein a man may not find a
thousand examples that will administer consolation。  'Tis our vice that
we more unwillingly look upon what is above�察�than willingly upon what is
below�察�and Solon was used to say�察�that ;whoever would make a heap of all
the ills together�察�there is no one who would not rather choose to bear
away the ills he has than to come to an equal division with all other men
from that heap�察�and take his share。;  Our government is�察�indeed�察�very
sick�察�but there have been others more sick without dying。  The gods play
at ball with us and bandy us every way��

          ;Enimvero Dii nos homines quasi pilas habent。;

The stars fatally destined the state of Rome for an example of what they
could do in this kind�此�in it are comprised all the forms and adventures
that concern a state�此�all that order or disorder�察�good or evil fortune��
can do。  Who�察�then�察�can despair of his condition�察�seeing the shocks and
commotions wherewith Rome was tumbled and tossed�察�and yet withstood them
all�拭 �If the extent of dominion be the health of a state ��which I by no
means think it is�察�and Isocrates pleases me when he instructs Nicocles
not to envy princes who have large dominions�察�but those who know how to
preserve those which have fallen into their hands���察�that of Rome was
never so sound�察�as when it was most sick。  The worst of her forms was the
most fortunate�察�one can hardly discern any image of government under the
first emperors�察�it is the most horrible and tumultuous confusion that can
be imagined�察�it endured it�察�notwithstanding�察�and therein continued��
preserving not a monarchy limited within its own bounds�察�but so many
nations so differing�察�so remote�察�so disaffected�察�so confusedly commanded��
and so unjustly conquered��

              ;Nec gentibus ullis
               Commodat in populum�察�terra pelagique potentem��
               Invidiam fortuna suam。;

     �А�Fortune never gave it to any nation to satisfy its hatred against
     the people�察�masters of the seas and of the earth。;Lucan�察�i。 32。��

Everything that totters does not fall。  The contexture of so great a body
holds by more nails than one�察�it holds even by its antiquity�察�like old
buildings�察�from which the foundations are worn away by time�察�without
rough´cast or mortar�察�which yet live and support themselves by their own
weight��

                   ;Nec jam validis radicibus haerens��
                    Pondere tuta suo est。;

Moreover�察�it is not rightly to go to work�察�to examine only the flank and
the foss�察�to judge of the security of a place�察�we must observe which way
approaches can be made to it�察�and in what condition the assailant is�此�few
vessels sink with their own weight�察�and without some exterior violence。
Now�察�let us everyway cast our eyes�察�everything about us totters�察�in all
the great states�察�both of Christendom and elsewhere�察�that are known to
us�察�if you will but look�察�you will there see evident menace of alteration
and ruin��

         ;Et sua sunt illis incommoda�察�parque per omnes
          Tempestas。;

          �А�They all share in the mischief�察�the tempest rages
          everywhere。;AEneid�察�ii。��

Astrologers may very well�察�as they do�察�warn us of great revolutions and
imminent mutations�此�their prophecies are present and palpable�察�they need
not go to heaven to foretell this。  There is not only consolation to be
extracted from this universal combination of ills and menaces�察�but��
moreover�察�some hopes of the continuation of our state�察�forasmuch as��
naturally�察�nothing falls where all falls�此�universal sickness is
particular health�此�conformity is antagonistic to dissolution。  For my
part�察�I despair not�察�and fancy that I discover ways to save us��

                   ;Deus haec fortasse benigna
                    Reducet in sedem vice。;

     �А�The deity will perchance by a favourable turn restore us to our
     former position。;Horace�察�Epod。�察�xiii。 7。��

Who knows but that God will have it happen�察�as in human bodies that purge
and restore themselves to a better state by long and grievous maladies��
which render them more entire and perfect health than that they took from
them�拭 �That which weighs the most with me is�察�that in reckoning the
symptoms of our ill�察�I see as many natural ones�察�and that Heaven sends
us�察�and properly its own�察�as of those that our disorder and human
imprudence contribute to it。  The very stars seem to declare that we have
already continued long enough�察�and beyond the ordinary term。  This also
afflicts me�察�that the mischief which nearest threatens us�察�is not an
alteration in the entire and solid mass�察�but its dissipation and
divulsion�察�which is the most extreme of our fears。

I�察�moreover�察�fear�察�in these fantasies of mine�察�the treachery of my
memory�察�lest�察�by inadvertence�察�it should make me write the same thing
twice。  I hate to examine myself�察�and never review�察�but very unwillingly��
what has once escaped my pen。  I here set down nothing new。  These are
common thoughts�察�and having�察�peradventure�察�conceived them an hundred
times�察�I am afraid I have set them down somewhere else already。
Repetition is everywhere troublesome�察�though it were in Homer�察�but 'tis
ruinous in things that have only a superficial and transitory show。  I do
not love over´insisting�察�even in the most profitable things�察�as in
Seneca�察�and the usage of his stoical school displeases me�察�to repeat��
upon every subject�察�at full length and width the principles and
presuppositions that serve in general�察�and always to realledge anew
common and universal reasons。

My memory grows cruelly worse every day��

                   ;Pocula Lethaeos ut si ducentia somnos��
                    Arente fauce traxerim�察�

     �А�As if my dry throat had drunk seducing cups of Lethaean
     oblivion。;Horace�察�Epod。�察�xiv。 3。��

I must be fain for 

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