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及15嫗

madam how and lady why(裟健繁才山溺平)-及15嫗

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one got some little picture in one's mind of what must be the breaking up 

of an ice´floe in the Arctic regions�察�and what must be the danger of a ship 

nipped in the ice and lifted up on high�察�like those in the pictures of Arctic 

voyages which you are so fond of looking through。                  You cannot recollect 

how that winter even in our little Blackwater Brook the alder stems were 

all   peeled   white�察  �and   scarred�察  �as   if   they   had   been   gnawed   by   hares   and 

deer�察�simply by the rushing and scraping of the ice��a sight which gave 

me again a little picture of the destruction which the ice makes of quays�察�

and stages�察�and houses along the shore upon the coasts of North America�察�

when   suddenly   setting   in   with   wind   and   tide�察  �it   jams   and   piles   up   high 

inland�察�as you may read for yourself some day in a delightful book called 

Frost and Fire。       You recollect none of these things。           Ice and snow are to 

you    mere    playthings�察    �and   you    long   for   winter�察  �that   you   may    make 

snowballs and play  hockey and skate  upon the  ponds�察�and eat   ice like  a 

foolish boy till you make your stomach ache。                 And I dare say you have 

said�察�like   many  another boy�察 �on   a bright   cheery  ringing frosty  day�察  �Oh�察�

that   it   would   be   always   winter� ─   �You   little   knew   for   what   you   asked。 

You   little   thought   what   the   earth   would   soon   be   like�察  �if   it   were   always 

winter��if one sheet of ice on the pond glued itself on to the bottom of the 

last sheet�察�till the whole pond was a solid mass��if one snow´fall lay upon 

the top of another snow´fall till the moor was covered many feet deep and 

the snow began sliding slowly down the glen from Coombs's�察�burying the 

green fields�察�tearing the trees up by their roots�察�burying gradually house�察�

church�察�and village�察�and making this place for a few thousand years what it 

was many thousand years ago。              Good´bye then�察�after a very few winters�察�

to bees�察�and butterflies�察�and singing´birds�察�and flowers�察�and good´bye to all 

vegetables�察�and fruit�察�and bread�察�good´bye to cotton and woollen clothes。 

You would have�察�if you were left alive�察�to dress in skins�察�and eat fish and 

seals�察�if any came near enough to be caught。              You would have to live in a 

word�察�if  you   could   live  at   all�察 �as   Esquimaux   live  now  in Arctic   regions�察�

and as people had to live in England ages since�察�in the times when it was 



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always      winter�察  �and   icebergs    floated    between     here   and   Finchampstead。 

Oh     no�察  �my    child�此   �thank     Heaven     that   it  is  not  always     winter�察   �and 

remember   that   winter   ice   and   snow�察  �though   it   is   a   very   good   tool   with 

which to make the land�察�must leave the land year by year if that land is to 

be fit to live in。 

     I said that if the snow piled high enough upon the moor�察�it would come 

down the glen in a few years through Coombs's Wood�察�and I said then you 

would have a small glacier heresuch a glacier ��to compare small things 

with great�� as now comes down so many valleys in the Alps�察�or has come 

down all the valleys of Greenland and Spitzbergen till they reach the sea�察�

and     there   end   as   cliffs  of   ice�察 �from     which    great    icebergs    snap    off 

continually�察�and fall and float away�察�wandering southward into the Atlantic 

for many a hundred miles。             You have seen drawings of such glaciers in 

Captain Cook's Voyages�察�and you may see photographs of Swiss glaciers 

in   any   good   London   print´shop�察  �and   therefore   you   have   seen   almost   as 

much   about   them   as   I   have   seen�察  �and   may   judge   for   yourself   how   you 

would like to live where it is always winter。 

     Now you must not ask me to tell you what a glacier is like�察�for I have 

never   seen   one�察  �at   least�察  �those   which   I   have   seen   were   more   than   fifty 

miles away�察�looking like white clouds hanging on the gray mountain sides。 

And   it   would   be   an    impertinencethat   means   a        meddling   with   things 

which   I   have   no   businessto   picture   to   you   glaciers   which   have   been 

pictured so well and often by gentlemen who escape every year from their 

hard   work   in   town   to   find   among   the   glaciers   of   the   Alps   health   and 

refreshment�察      �and    sound     knowledge�察      �and    that   most    wholesome        and 

strengthening of all medicines�察�toil。 

     So you must read of them in such books as Peaks�察�Passes�察�and Glaciers�察�

and   Mr。   Willes's   Wanderings   in   the   High   Alps�察  �and   Professor   Tyndall's 

different     works�察   �or   you    must    look   at  them    ��as   I  just   now    said��   in 

photographs   or   in   pictures。      But   when   you   do   that�察  �or   when   you   see   a 

glacier for yourself�察�you must bear in mind what a glacier meansthat it is 

a river of ice�察�fed by a lake of snow。              The lake from which it springs is 

the   eternal   snow´   field   which   stretches   for   miles   and   miles   along   the 

mountain tops�察�fed continually by fresh snow´storms falling from the sky。 



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                                MADAM HOW AND LADY WHY 



That snow slides off into the valleys hour by hour�察�and as it rushes down is 

ground and pounded�察�and thawed and frozen again into a sticky paste of 

ice�察 �which   flows   slowly  but surely  till it   reaches the   warm  valley  at   the 

mountain foot�察�and there melts bit by bit。 The long black lines which you 

see   winding   along   the   white   and   green   ice   of   the   glacier   are   the   stones 

which have fallen from the cliffs above。              They will be dropped at the end 

of the glacier�察�and mixed with silt and sand and other stones which have 

come   down   inside   the   glacier   itself�察  �and   piled   up   in   the   field   in   great 

mounds�察�which are called moraines�察�such as you may see and walk on in 

Scotland many a time�察�though you might never guess what they are。 

     The river which runs out at the glacier foot is�察�you must remember�察�all 

foul and   milky  with the   finest   mud�察  �and that   mud   is the   grinding   of   the 

rocks over which the glacier has been crawling down�察�and scraping them 

as it scraped my bit of stone with pebbles and with sand。                  And this is the 

alphabet�察�which�察�if you learn by heart�察�you will learn to understand how 

Madam How uses her great ice´plough to plough down her old mountains�察�

and   spread   the   stuff   of   them   about   the   valleys   to   make   rich   straths   of 

fertile   soil。   Nay�察  �so   immensely   strong�察  �because   immensely   heavy�察  �is   the 

share of this her great ice´plough�察�that some will tell you ��and it is not for 

me to say  that they  are wrong�� that   with it   she has ploughed out all   the 

mountain   lakes   in   Europe   and   in   North   America�察  �that   such   lakes�察  �for 

instance�察�as Ullswater or Windermere have been scooped clean out of the 

solid rock by ice which came down these glaciers in old times。                       And be 

sure of this�察 �that next   to Madam  How's   steam´pump   and   her   rain´spade�察�

her great ice´plough has had�察�and has still�察�the most to do with making the 

ground on which we live。 

     Do   I   mean   that   there   were   ever   glaciers   here�拭 �No�察  �I   do   not。   There 

have   been   glaciers   in   Scotland   in   plenty。    And   if   any   Scotch   boy   shall 

read this book�察�it will tell him presently how to find the marks of them far 

and wide over his native land。           But as you�察�my child�察�care most about this 

country  in   which   you   live�察  �I   will   show  you   in   any  gravel´pit�察  �or   hollow 

lane upon the moor�察�the marks�察�not of a glacier�察�which is an ice´river�察�but 

of a whole sea of ice。 

     Let us come up to the pit upon the top of the hill�察�and look carefully at 



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                                MADAM HOW AND LADY WHY 



what we see there。        The lower part of the pit of course is a solid rock of 

sand。     On the top of that is a cap of gravel�察�five�察�six�察�ten feet thick。           Now 

the sand was   laid down there by water   at the bottom of an old sea�察  �and 

therefore the top of it would naturally be flat and smooth�察�as the sands at 

Hunstanton or at Bournemouth are�察�and the gravel�察�if it was laid down by 

water�察�would naturally lie flat on it again�此          �but it does not。      See how the 

top of the sand is dug out into deep waves and pits�察�filled up with gravel。 

And see�察�too�察�how over some of the gravel you get sand again�察�and then 

gravel   again�察  �and   then   sand   again�察  �till   you   cannot   tell   where   one   fairly 

begins and the other ends。         Why�察�here are little dots of gravel�察�six or eight 

feet down�察�in what looks the solid sand rock�察�yet the sand must have been 

opened somehow to put the gravel in。 

     You say you have seen that before。             You have seen the same curious 

twisting of the gravel and sand into each other on the top of Farley Hill�察�

and   in   the   new   cutting   on   Minley   Hill�察  �and�察  �best   of   all�察  �in   the   railway 

cutting   between   Ascot   and   Sunningdale�察  �where   upon   the   top   the   white 

sand   and   gravel   is   arranged   in   red   and   brown   waves�察  �and   festoons�察  �and 

curlicues�察    �almost   like   Prince   of  Wales's    feathers。    Yes�察   �that  last  is  a 

beautiful     section   of   ice´  work�察   �so   beautiful�察  �that   I  hope   to  have    it 

photographed some day。 

     Now�察�how did ice do this�拭�

     Well�察�I was many a year before I found out that�察�and I dare say I never 

should have found it out for myself。            A gentleman named Trimmer�察�who�察�

alas� �is now dead�察�was�察�I believe�察�the first to find it out。               He knew that 

along the coast of Labrador�察�and other cold parts of North America�察�and on 

the shores�察�too�察�of the great river St。 Lawrence�察�the stranded icebergs�察�and 

the ice´foot�察�as it is called�察�which is continually forming along the freezing 

shores�察�grub and plough every tide into the mud and sand�察�and shove up 

before them�察�like a ploughshare�察�heaps of dirt�察�and that�察�too�察�the ice itself is 

full of dirt�察�of sand and stones�察�which it may have brought from hundreds 

of miles away�察�and that�察�as this ploughshare of dirty ice grubs onward�察�the 

nose of the plough is continually being broken off�察�and left underneath the 

mud�察�and that�察�when summer comes�察�and the ice melts�察�the mu

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