the writings-6-第24章

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8；349；296。40；　which　embraced　the　revenue　from　all　the　States　of　the

Union　for　three　quarters　of　that　year。　　Notwithstanding　the　cessation

of　revenue　from　the　so…called　seceded　States　during　the　last　fiscal

year；　the　increase　of　the　correspondence　of　the　loyal　States　has　been

sufficient　to　produce　a　revenue　during　the　same　year　of

8；299；820。90；　being　only　50；000　less　than　was　derived　from　all　the

States　of　the　Union　during　the　previous　year。　　The　expenditures　show

a　still　more　favorable　result。　　The　amount　expended　in　1861　was

13；606；759。11。　　For　the　last　year　the　amount　has　been　reduced　to

11；125；364。13；　showing　a　decrease　of　about　2；481；000　in　the

expenditures　as　compared　with　the　preceding　year；　and　about

3；750；000　as　compared　with　the　fiscal　year　1860。　　The　deficiency　in

the　department　for　the　previous　year　was　4；551；966。98。　　For　the　last

fiscal　year　it　was　reduced　to　2；112；814。57。　　These　favorable　results

are　in　part　owing　to　the　cessation　of　mail　service　in　the

insurrectionary　States　and　in　part　to　a　careful　review　of　all

expenditures　in　that　department　in　the　interest　of　economy。　　The

efficiency　of　the　postal　service；　it　is　believed；　has　also　been　much

improved。　　The　Postmaster…General　has　also　opened　a　correspondence

through　the　Department　of　State　with　foreign　governments　proposing　a

convention　of　postal　representatives　for　the　purpose　of　simplifying

the　rates　of　foreign　postage　and　to　expedite　the　foreign　mails。　　This

proposition；　equally　important　to　our　adopted　citizens　and　to　the

commercial　interests　of　this　country；　has　been　favorably　entertained

and　agreed　to　by　all　the　governments　from　whom　replies　have　been

received。



I　ask　the　attention　of　Congress　to　the　suggestions　of　the

Postmaster…General　in　his　report　respecting　the　further　legislation

required；　in　his　opinion；　for　the　benefit　of　the　postal　service。



The　Secretary　of　the　Interior　reports　as　follows　in　regard　to　the

public　lands：



〃The　public　lands　have　ceased　to　be　a　source　of　revenue。　　From　the

1st　July；　1861；　to　the　3oth　September；　1862；　the　entire　cash　receipts

from　the　sale　of　lands　were　137；476。2a　sum　much　less　than　the

expenses　of　our　land　system　during　the　same　period。　　　The　homestead

law；　which　will　take　effect　on　the　1st　of　January　next；　offers　such

inducements　to　settlers　that　sales　for　cash　cannot　be　expected　to　an

extent　sufficient　to　meet　the　expenses　of　the　General　Land　Office　and

the　cost　of　surveying　and　bringing　the　land　into　market。〃



The　discrepancy　between　the　sum　here　stated　as　arising　from　the　sales

of　the　public　lands　and　the　sum　derived　from　the　same　source　as

reported　from　the　Treasury　Department　arises；　as　I　understand；　from

the　fact　that　the　periods　of　time；　though　apparently　were　not　really

coincident　at　the　beginning　point；　the　Treasury　report　including　a

considerable　sum　now　which　had　previously　been　reported　from　the

Interior；　sufficiently　large　to　greatly　overreach　the　sum　derived

from　the　three　months　now　reported　upon　by　the　Interior　and　not　by

the　Treasury。



The　Indian　tribes　upon　our　frontiers　have　during　the　past　year

manifested　a　spirit　of　insubordination；　and　at　several　points　have

engaged　in　open　hostilities　against　the　white　settlements　in　their

vicinity。　　The　tribes　occupying　the　Indian　country　south　of　Kansas

renounced　their　allegiance　to　the　United　States　and　entered　into

treaties　with　the　insurgents。　　Those　who　remained　loyal　to　the　United

States　were　driven　from　the　country。　　The　chief　of　the　Cherokees　has

visited　this　city　for　the　purpose　of　restoring　the　former　relations

of　the　tribe　with　the　United　States。　　He　alleges　that　they　were

constrained　by　superior　force　to　enter　into　treaties　with　the

insurgents；　and　that　the　United　States　neglected　to　furnish　the

protection　which　their　treaty　stipulations　required。



In　the　month　of　August　last　the　Sioux　Indians　in　Minnesota　attacked

the　settlements　in　their　vicinity　with　extreme　ferocity；　killing

indiscriminately　men；　women；　and　children。　　This　attack　was　wholly

unexpected；　and　therefore　no　means　of　defense　had　been　provided。　　It

is　estimated　that　not　less　than　800　persons　were　killed　by　the

Indians；　and　a　large　amount　of　property　was　destroyed。　　How　this

outbreak　was　induced　is　not　definitely　known；　and　suspicions；　which

may　be　unjust；　need　not　to　be　stated。　　Information　was　received　by

the　Indian　Bureau　from　different　sources　about　the　time　hostilities

were　commenced　that　a　simultaneous　attack　was　to　be　made　upon　white

settlements　by　all　the　tribes　between　the　Mississippi　River　and　the

Rocky　Mountains。　　The　State　of　Minnesota　has　suffered　great　injury

from　this　Indian　war。　　A　large　portion　of　her　territory　has　been

depopulated；　and　a　severe　loss　has　been　sustained　by　the　destruction

of　property。　　The　people　of　that　State　manifest　much　anxiety　for　the

removal　of　the　tribes　beyond　the　limits　of　the　State　as　a　guaranty

against　future　hostilities。　　The　Commissioner　of　Indian　Affairs　will

furnish　full　details。　　I　submit　for　your　especial　consideration

whether　our　Indian　system　shall　not　be　remodeled。　　Many　wise　and　good

men　have　impressed　me　with　the　belief　that　this　can　be　profitably

done。



I　submit　a　statement　of　the　proceedings　of　commissioners；　which　shows

the　progress　that　has　been　made　in　the　enterprise　of　constructing　the

Pacific　Railroad。　　And　this　suggests　the　earliest　completion　of　this

road；　and　also　the　favorable　action　of　Congress　upon　the　projects　now

pending　before　them　for　enlarging　the　capacities　of　the　great　canals

in　New　York　and　Illinois；　as　being　of　vital　and　rapidly　increasing

importance　to　the　whole　nation；　and　especially　to　the　vast　interior

region　hereinafter　to　be　noticed　at　some　greater　length。　　I　purpose

having　prepared　and　laid　before　you　at　an　early　day　some　interesting

and　valuable　statistical　information　upon　this　subject。　　The　military

and　commercial　importance　of　enlarging　the　Illinois　and　Michigan

Canal　and　improving　the　Illinois　River　is　presented　in　the　report　of

Colonel　Webster　to　the　Secretary　of　War；　and　now　transmitted　to

Congress。　　I　respectfully　ask　attention　to　it。



To　carry　out　the　provisions　of　the　act　of　Congress　of　the　15th　of　May

last；　I　have　caused　the　Department　of　Agriculture　of　the　United

States　to　be　organized。



The　Commissioner　informs　me　that　within　the　period　of　a　few　months

this　department　has　established　an　extensive　system　of　correspondence

and　exchanges；　both　at　home　and　abroad；　which　promises　to　effect

highly　beneficial　results　in　the　development　of　a　correct　knowledge

of　recent　improvements　in　agriculture；　in　the　introduction　of　new

products；　and　in　the　collection　of　the　agricultural　statistics　of　the

different　States。



Also；　that　it　will　soon　be　prepared　to　distribute　largely　seeds；

cereals；　plants；　and　cuttings；　and　has　already　published　and

liberally　diffused　much　valuable　information　in　anticipation。　　of　a

more　elaborate　report；　which　will　in　due　time　be　furnished；　embracing

some　valuable　tests　in　chemical　science　now　in　progress　in　the

laboratory。



The　creation　of　this　department　was　for　the　more　immediate　benefit　of

a　large　class　of　our　most　valuable　citizens；　and　I　trust　that　the

liberal　basis　upon　which　it　has　been　organized　will　not　only　meet

your　approbation；　but　that　it　will　realize　at　no　distant　day　all　the

fondest　anticipations　of　its　most　sanguine　friends　and　become　the

fruitful　source　of　advantage　to　all　our　people。



On　the　22d　day　of　September　last　a　proclamation　was　issued　by　the

Executive；　a　copy　of　which　is　herewith　submitted。



In　accordance　with　the　purpose　expressed　in　the　second　paragraph　of

that　paper；　I　now　respectfully　recall　your　attention　to　what　may　be

called　〃compensated　emancipation。〃



A　nation　may　be　said　to　consist　of　its　territory；　its　people；　and　its

laws。　　The　territory　is　the　only　part　which　is　of　certain　durability。

〃One　generation　passeth　away　and　another　generation　cometh；　but　the

earth　abideth　forever。〃　It　is　of　the　first　importance　to　duly

consider　and　estimate　this　ever　enduring　part。　　That　portion　of　the

earth's　surface　which　is　owned　and　inhabited　by　the　people　of　the

United　States　is　well　adapted　to　be　the　home　of　one　national　family；

and　it　is　not　well　adapted　for　two　or　more。　　Its　vast　extent　and　its

variety　of　climate　and　productions　are　of　advantage　in　this　age　for

one　people；　whatever　they　might　have　been　in　former　ages。　　　Steam；

telegraphs；　and　intelligence　have　brought　these　to　be　an　advantageous

combination　for　one　united　people。



In　the　inaugural　address　I　briefly　pointed　out　the　total　inadequacy

of　disunion　as　a　remedy　for　the　differences　between　the　people　of　the

two　sections。　　I　did　so　in　language　which　I　cannot　improve；　and

which；　therefore；　I　beg　to　repeat：



〃One　section　of　our　country　believes　slavery　is　right　and　ought　to　be

extended；　while　the　other　believes　it　is　wrong　and　ought　not　to　be

extended。　　This　is　the　only　substantial　dispute。　　The　fugitive…slave

clause　of　the　Constitution　and　the　laws　for　the　suppression　of　the

foreign　slave　trade　are　each　as　well　enforced；　perhaps；　as　any　law

can　ever　be　in　a　community　where　the　moral　Sense　of　the　people

imperfectly　supports　the　law　itself。　　The　great　body　of　the　people

abide　by　the　dry　legal　obligation　in　both　cases；　and　a　few　break　over

in　each。　　This；　I　think；　cannot　be　perfectly　cured；　and　it　would　be

worse　in　both　cases　after　the　separation　of　the　sections　than　before。

The　foreign　slave　trade；　now　imperfectly　suppressed；　would　be

ultimately　revived　without　restriction　in　one　section；　while　fugitive

slaves；　now　only　partially　surrendered；　would　not　be　surrendered　at

all　by　the　other。



〃Physically　speaking；　we　can　not　separate。　　We　can　not　remove　our

respective　sections　from　each　other　nor　build　an　impassable　wall

between　them。　　A　husband　and　wife　may　be　divorced　and　go　out　of　the

presence　and　beyond　the　reach　of　each　other；　but　the　different　parts

of　our　country　cannot　do　this。　　They　cannot　but　remain　face　to　face；

and　intercourse；　either　amicable　or　hostile；　must　continue　between

them。　　Is　it　possible；　then；　to　make　that　intercourse　more

advantageous　or　more　satisfactory　after　separation　than　before？　　Can

aliens　make　treaties　easier　than　friends　can　make　laws？　　Can　treaties

be　more　faithfully　enforced　between　aliens　than　laws　can　among

friends？　　Suppose　you　go　to　war；　you　cannot　fight　always；　and　when；

after　much　loss　on　both　sides　and　no　gain　on　either；　you　cease

fighting；　the　identical　old　questions；　as　to　terms　of　intercourse；

are　again　upon　you。〃



There　is　no　line；　straight　or　crooked；　suitable　for　a　national

boundary　upon　which　to　divide。　　Trace　through；　from　east　to　west；

upon　the　line　between　the　free　and　slave　country；　and　we　shall　find　a

little　more　than　one　third　of　its　length　are　rivers；　easy　to　be

crossed；　and　populated；　or　soon　to　be　p