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the evolution of modern medicine(�峇�匳勞議處延)-及39嫗

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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




make the changes which occur in the body in the putrid and suppurative 

diseases�拭�With an accurate training as a chemist�察�having been diverted in 

his studies upon fermentation into the realm of biology�察�and nourishing a 

strong conviction of the identity between putrefactive changes of the body 

and   fermentation�察  �Pasteur   was   well   prepared   to   undertake   investigations 



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which had hitherto been confined to physicians alone。 

     So impressed was he with the analogy between fermentation and the 

infectious   diseases   that�察  �in   1863�察  �he   assured   the   French   Emperor   of   his 

ambition       ;to  arrive    at  the   knowledge       of   the   causes     of  putrid    and 

contagious diseases。; After a study upon the diseases of wines�察�which has 

had     most    important      practical    bearings�察    �an   opportunity      arose    which 

changed   the   whole   course   of   his   career�察  �and   profoundly   influenced   the 

development of medical science。 A disease of the silkworm had�察�for some 

years�察�ruined one of the most important industries in France�察�and in 1865 

the Government asked Pasteur to give up his laboratory work and teaching�察�

and to devote his whole energies to the task of investigating it。 The story 

of the brilliant success which followed years of application to the problem 

will be read with deep interest by every student of science。 It was the first 

of his victories in the application of the experimental methods of a trained 

chemist   to   the   problems   of   biology�察  �and   it   placed   his   name   high   in   the 

group of the most illustrious benefactors of practical industries。 

     In   a   series   of   studies   on   the   diseases   of   beer�察  �and   on   the   mode   of 

production   of   vinegar�察  �he   became   more   and   more   convinced   that   these 

studies     on   fermentation      had   given    him    the  key    to  the   nature   of   the 

infectious diseases。 It is a remarkable fact that the distinguished English 

philosopher   of   the   seventeenth   century�察  �the   man   who   more   than   anyone 

else of his century appreciated the importance of the experimental method�察�

Robert Boyle�察�had said that he who could discover the nature of ferments 

and fermentation�察�would be more capable than anyone else of explaining 

the nature of certain diseases。 

     In   1876    there    appeared     in  Cohn's    ;Beitrage     zur   Morphologie        der 

Pflanzen;   ��II�察  �277´310���察      �a   paper   on   the   ;AEtiology   of   Anthrax;   by   a 

German district physician in Wollstein�察�Robert Koch�察�which is memorable 

in our literature as the starting point of a new method of research into the 

causation of infectious diseases。 Koch demonstrated the constant presence 

of   germs   in   the   blood   of   animals   dying   from   the   disease。   Years   before�察�

those organisms had been seen by Pollender and Davaine�察�but the epoch´ 

making advance of Koch was to grow those organisms in a pure culture 

outside   the   body�察  �and   to   produce   the   disease   artificially   by   inoculating 



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animals   with   the   cultures   Koch   is   really   our   medical   Galileo�察  �who�察  �by 

means       of   a  new     technique��pure       cultures    and    isolated    staining�察�

introduced      us   to  a   new    world。    In  1878�察   �followed     his  study    on   the 

;AEtiology   of   Wound   Infections�察─  �in   which   he   was   able   to   demonstrate 

conclusively   the   association   of   micro´organisms   with   the   disease。   Upon 

those     two   memorable       researches    made     by  a   country    doctor   rests   the 

modern science of bacteriology。 

     The next great advance was the discovery by Pasteur of the possibility 

of so attenuating�察�or weakening�察�the poison that an animal inoculated had a 

slight attack�察�recovered and was then protected against the disease。 More 

than     eighty   years    had   passed     since   on   May     14�察  �1796�察   �Jenner    had 

vaccinated   a   child   with   cowpox   and   proved   that   a   slight   attack   of   one 

disease protected the body from a disease of an allied nature。 An occasion 

equally famous in the history of medicine was a day in 1881�察�when Pasteur 

determined   that   a  flock  of  sheep   vaccinated   with the  attenuated   virus of 

anthrax remained well�察�when every one of the unvaccinated infected from 

the    same    material   had    died。  Meanwhile�察      �from   Pasteur's    researches    on 

fermentation       and    spontaneous      generation�察    �a  transformation      had    been 

initiated in the  practice of surgery�察�which�察 �it is not   too much   to say�察 �has 

proved   one   of   the   greatest   boons   ever   conferred   upon   humanity。   It   had 

long   been   recognized   that�察  �now   and   again�察  �a   wound   healed   without   the 

formation of pus�察�that is�察�without suppuration�察�but both spontaneous and 

operative wounds were almost invariably associated with that process�察�and�察�

moreover�察�they frequently became putrid�察�as it was then called��infected�察�

as   we   should   say��the   general   system   became   involved   and   the   patient 

died   of   blood   poisoning。   So   common   was   this�察  �particularly   in   old�察  �ill´ 

equipped hospitals�察�that many surgeons feared to operate�察�and the general 

mortality in   all surgical   cases was   very  high。 Believing   that it   was   from 

outside that the germs came which caused the decomposition of wounds�察�

just as from the atmosphere the sugar solution got the germs which caused 

the fermentation�察�a young surgeon in Glasgow�察�Joseph Lister�察�applied the 

principles      of  Pasteur's    experiments      to   their  treatment。     From    Lister's 

original paper��*�А�I quote the following�此 �Turning now to the question how 

the   atmosphere   produces   decomposition   of   organic   substances�察  �we   find 



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that a flood of light has been thrown upon this most important subject by 

the    philosophic      researches     of  M。    Pasteur�察   �who    has   demonstrated       by 

thoroughly convincing evidence that it is not to its oxygen or to any of its 

gaseous constituents that the air owes this property�察�but to minute particles 

suspended   in   it�察  �which   are   the  germs   of   various   low   forms   of   life�察  �long 

since    revealed     by   the  microscope�察      �and   regarded     as  merely     accidental 

concomitants of putrescence�察�but now shown by Pasteur to be its essential 

cause�察    �resolving     the   complex      organic    compounds        into  substances      of 

simpler   chemical   constitution�察  �just as the   yeast´plant   converts   sugar   into 

alcohol   and   carbonic  acid。;   From  these  beginnings   modern   surgery  took 

its rise�察�and the whole subject of wound infection�察�not only in relation to 

surgical     diseases�察   �but  to   child´bed    fever�察  �forms    now    one    of  the   most 

brilliant chapters in the history of preventive medicine。 

     ��*�А�Lancet�察�March 16�察�1867。 ��Cf。 Camac�此�Epoch´making Contributions�察�

etc。�察�1909�察�p。 7。Ed。�А�

       With the new technique and experimental methods�察�the discovery of 

the    specific    germs    of   many     of   the   more    important     acute    infections 

followed each other with   bewildering rapidity�此�typhoid fever�察 �diphtheria�察�

cholera�察  �tetanus�察  �plague�察  �pneumonia�察  �gonorrhoea   and�察  �most   important   of 

all�察�tuberculosis。 It is not too much to say that the demonstration by Koch 

of the ;bacillus tuberculosis; ��1882�� is�察�in its far´reaching results�察�one of 

the most momentous discoveries ever made。 

     Of   almost   equal   value   have   been   the   researches   upon   the   protozoan 

forms of animal life�察�as causes of disease。 As early as 1873�察�spirilla were 

demonstrated        in   relapsing     fever。   Laveran      proved     the   association     of 

haematozoa        with    malaria    in  1880。     In  the   same    year�察  �Griffith    Evans 

discovered trypanosomes in a disease of horses and cattle in India�察�and the 

same type of parasite was found in the sleeping sickness。 Amoebae were 

demonstrated   in   one   form   of   dysentery�察  �and   in   other   tropical   diseases 

protozoa      were    discovered�察     �so   that   we   were     really   prepared     for   the 

announcement   in   1905�察  �by   Schaudinn�察  �of   the   discovery   of   a   protozoan 

parasite in syphilis。 Just fifty years had passed since Pasteur had sent in his 

paper on ;Lactic Acid Fermentation; to the Lille Scientific Societyhalf a 

century   in   which   more   had   been   done   to   determine   the   true   nature   of 



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disease   than   in   all   the   time   that   had   passed   since   Hippocrates。   Celsus 

makes the oft´quoted remark that to determine the cause of a disease often 

leads to the remedy�撮�*�А�and it is the possibility of removing the cause that 

gives such importance to the new researches on disease。 

     ��*�А �Et causae quoque estimatio saepe morbum solvit�察─�Celsus�察�Lib。 I�察�

Prefatio。Ed。 



                         INTERNAL SECRETIONS 



     ONE      of   the  greatest    contributions     of   the  nineteenth     century    to 

scientific medicine was the discovery of the internal secretions of organs。 

The basic work on the subject was done by Claude Bernard�察�a pupil of the 

great Magendie�察�whose saying it is well to remember;When entering a 

laboratory   one   should   leave   theories   in   the   cloakroom。;   More   than   any 

other man of his generation�察�Claude Bernard appreciated the importance of 

experiment in practical medicine。 For him the experimental physician was 

the  physician   of   the   future   a  view   well   borne   out   by  the   influence   his 

epoch´making work has had on the treatment of disease。 His studies on the 

glycogenic functions of the liver opened the way for the modern fruitful 

researches on the internal secretions of the various glands。 About the same 

time   that   Bernard   was   developing   the   laboratory   side   of   the   problem�察�

Addison�察�a physician to Guy's Hospital�察�in 1855�察�pointed out the relation 

of   a   remarkable   group   of symptoms   to   disease   of   the   suprarenal   glands�察�

small bodies situated above the kidneys�察�the importance of which had not 

been previously recog

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