the origins of contemporary france-5-第48章

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real　estate　or　state　securities；　has　passed　into　other　hands。〃　…

Doubs；　analysis　by　Ferrieres：　〃Situation　of　the　asylums　much　inferior

to　that　of　1789；　because　they　could　not　have　property　restored　to　them

in　proportion　to　the　value　of　that　which　had　been　alienated。　The

asylum　of　Pontarlier　lost　one…half　of　its　revenue　through

reimbursements　in　paper…money。　　All　the　property　of　the　Ornans　asylum

has　been　sold；〃　etc。　…　Rocquain；　p。　187。　（Report　by　Fourcroy。）　Asylums

of　Orne：　their　revenue；　instead　of　123；189　francs；　is　no　more　than

68；239。　…　Asylums　of　Calvados：　they　have　lost　173；648　francs　of

income；　there　remains　of　this　only　85；955　francs。　…　Passim；　heart…

rending　details　on　the　destitution　of　the　asylums　and　their　inmates；

children；　the　sick　and　the　infirm。　…　The　figures　by　which　I　have　tried

to　show　the　disproportion　between　requirements　and　resources　are　a

minimum。



＇54＇　Abbé　Allain；　〃l'Instruction　primaire　en　France　avant　la

Révolution；〃　and　Albert　Duruy；　〃l'Instruction　publique　et　la

Révolution；〃　passim。



＇55＇　〃Statistique　de　l'enseignement　primaire〃　（1880）；II。；　CCIV。　The

proportion　of　instructed　and　uninstructed　people　has　been　ascertained

in　79　departments；　and　at　various　periods；　from　168o　down　to　the　year

1876；　according　to　the　signatures　on　1；699；985　marriage…records。　…　In

the　〃Dictionnaire　de　pédagogie　et　d'instruction　primaire；〃　published

by　M。　Buisson；　M。　Maggiolo；　director　of　these　vast　statistics；　has

given　the　proportion　of　literate　and　illiterate　people　for　the

different　departments；　now；　from　department　to　department；　the　figures

furnished　by　the　signatures　on　marriage　records　correspond　with

sufficient　exactness　to　the　number　of　schools；　verified　moreover　by

pastoral　visits　and　by　other　documents。　The　most　illiterate

departments　are　Cantal；　Puy…de…Dome；　Nièvre；　Allier；　Vienne；　Haute…

Vienne；　Deux…Sèvres；　Vendée　and　the　departments　of　Brittany。



＇56＇　One　sou　equals　1/20　of　a　franc　or　5　centimes。　（SR。）



＇57＇　Albert　Duruy；　ibid。；　p。25。　（According　to　the　report　of　M。

Villemain　on　common…school　education　in　1843。）　…　Abbé　Allain；　〃la

Question　d'enseignement　en　1789；〃　p。　88　…　A。　Silvy；　〃les　Collèges　en

France　avant　la　Révolution；〃　p。5。　The　researches　of　M。　Silvy　show　that

the　number　of　high…schools　（collèges）　given　by　M。　Villemain　is　much

too　low：　〃The　number　of　these　schools　under　the　ancient　Régime　cannot

be　estimated　at　less　than　about　900。　。　。　。　I　have　ascertained　800。　。　。

。　I　must　add　that　my　search　is　not　yet　finished　and　that　I　find　new

institutions　every　day。〃



＇58＇　Lunet；　〃Histoire　du　collège　de　Rodez；〃　p。　110。　…　Edmond；

〃Histoire　du　collège　de　Louis…le…Grand；〃　p。　238。　…　〃Statistiques　des

préfets；〃　Moselle。　　（Analysis　by　Ferrière；　year　XII。）　Before　1789；　4

high…schools　at　Metz；　very　complete；　conducted　by　regular　canons；

Benedictines；　with　33　professors；　38　assistant　teachers；　63　servants；

259　day…scholars　and　217　boarders。　All　this　was　broken　up。　In　the　year

IX　there　is　only　one　central　school；　very　inadequate；　with　9

professors；　5　assistants；　3　servants　and　233　day…scholars。



＇59＇　Albert　Duruy；　ibid。；　p。　25。



＇60＇　Lunet；　ibid；　p。110；



＇61＇　〃Statistiques　des　préfets；〃　Ain；　by　Bossi；　p。368。　At　Bourg；

before　the　revolution；　220　pupils；　of　which　70　were　boarders；　8000

livres　income　in　real　property　confiscated　during　the　revolution。　…　At

Belley；　the　teachers　consist　of　the　congregationist　of　Saint…Joseph；

250　pupils；　9950　francs　revenue　from　capital　invested　in　the　pays

d'état；　swept　away　by　the　revolution。　…　At　Thoissy；　8000　francs　rental

of　real　property　sold；　etc。　…　Deux…Sèvres；　by　Dupin；　year　IX；　and

〃analyse〃　by　Ferrière；　P。　48：　〃Previous　to　the　revolution；　each

department　town　had　its　high…school。　…　At　Thouars；　60　boarders　at　300

livres　per　annum；　and　40　day…scholars。　At　Niort；　80　boarders　at　450

livres　per　annum；　and　100　day…scholars〃。　…Aisne；　by　Dauchy；　p。88。

Before　1789；　nearly　all　the　small　high…schools　were　gratuitous；　and；

in　the　large　ones；　there　were　scholarships　open　to　competition。　All

their　possessions；　except　large　buildings；　were　alienated　and　sold；　as

well　as　those　of　the　60　communities　in　which　girls　were　taught

gratuitously。　…　Eure；　by　Masson　Saint…Amand。　　There　were　previous　to

1789；　8　high…schools　which　were　all　suppressed　and　destroyed。　…　Dr？me；

by　Collin；　p。66。　　Before　the　revolution；　each　town　had　its　high…

school；〃　etc。



＇62＇　Cf。　Marmontel；　〃Mémoires；〃　I。；　16；　for　details　of　these　customs；

M。　Jules　Simon　found　the　same　customs　afterwards　and　describes　them　in

the　souvenirs　of　his　youth。　…　La　Chalotais；　at　the　end　of　the　reign　of

Louis　XV。；　had　already　described　the　efficiency　of　the　institution。

〃Even　the　people　want　to　study。　Farmers　and　craftsmen　send　their

children　to　the　schools　in　these　small　towns　where　living　is　cheap。〃

This　rapid　spread　of　secondary　education　contributed　a　good　deal

towards　bringing　on　the　revolution。



＇63＇　〃Statistiques　des　préfets；〃　Indre；　by　Dalphonse；　year　XII；　p。104：

〃The　universities；　the　colleges；　the　seminaries；　the　religious

establishments；　the　free　schools　are　all　destroyed；　vast　plans　only

remain　for　a　new　system　of　education　raised　on　their　ruins。　Nearly　all

of　these　rest　unexecuted。　。　。　。　Primary　schools　have　nowhere；　one　may

say；　been　organized；　and　those　which　have　been　are　so　poor　they　had

better　not　have　been　organized　at　all。　With　a　pompous　and　costly

system　of　public　instruction；　ten　years　have　been　lost　for

instruction。〃



＇64＇　Moniteur；　XXI。；　644。　（Session　of　Fructidor　19；　year　II。）　One　of

the　members　says：　〃It　is　very　certain；　and　my　colleagues　see　it　with

pain；　that　public　instruction　is　null。〃　…　Fourcroy：　〃Reading　and

writing　are　no　longer　taught。〃　…　Albert　Duruy；　p。　208。　（Report　to　the

Directory　executive；　Germinal　13；　year　IV。）　〃For　nearly　six　years　no

public　instruction　exists。〃　…　De　La　Sicotiere；　〃Histoire　du　collège　de

Alen？on；〃　p。33：　〃In　1794；　there　were　only　two　pupils　in　the　college。〃

…　Lunet；　〃Histoire　du　collège　de　Rodez；〃　p。157：　〃The　recitation…rooms

remained　empty　of　pupils　and　teachers　from　March　1793　to　May　16；

1796。〃　…　〃　Statistiques　des　préfets；〃　Eure；　by　Masson　Saint…Amand　year

XIII：　〃In　the　larger　section　of　the　department；　school…houses　existed

with　special　endowments　for　teachers　of　both　sexes。　The　school…houses

have　been　alienated　like　other　national　domains；　the　endowments　due　to

religious　corporations　or　establishments　have　been　extinguished　　…　As

to　girls；　that　portion　of　society　has　suffered　an　immense　loss；

relatively　to　its　education；　in　the　suppression　of　religious

communities　which　provided　them　with　an　almost　gratuitous　and

sufficiently　steady　instruction。〃



＇65＇　My　maternal　grandmother　learned　how　to　read　from　a　nun　concealed

in　the　cellar　of　the　house。



＇66＇　Albert　Duruy；　ibid。；　349。　（Decree　of　the　Directory；　Pluvi？se　17；

year　V；　and　circular　of　the　minister　Letourneur　against　free　schools

which　are　〃dens　of　royalism　and　superstition。〃　…　Hence　the　decrees　of

the　authorities　in　the　departments　of　Eure；　Pas　de　Calais；　Dr？me；

Mayenne　and　La　Manche；　closing　these　dens。）　〃From　Thermidor　27；　year

VI；　to　Messidor　2；　year　VII；　say　the　authorities　of　La　Manche；　we　have

revoked　fifty…eight　teachers　on　their　denunciation　by　the

municipalities　and　by　popular　clubs。〃



＇67＇　Archives　nationales；　cartons　3144　to　3145；　No。　l04。　（Reports　of

the　Councillors　of　State　on　mission　in　the　year　IX。）　Report　by　Lacuée

on　the　first　military　division。　Three　central　schools　at　Paris；　one

called　the　Quatre…Nations。　〃This　school　must　be　visited　in　order　to

form　any　idea　of　the　state　of　destruction　and　dilapidation　which　all

the　national　buildings　are　in。　No　repairs　have　been　made　since　the

reopening　of　the　schools；　everything　is　going　to　ruin。　。　。　。　Walls　are

down　and　the　floors　fallen　in。　To　preserve　the　pupils　from　the　risks

which　the　occupation　of　these　buildings　hourly　presents；　it　is

necessary　to　give　lessons　in　rooms　which　are　very　unhealthy　on　account

of　their　small　dimensions　and　dampness。　In　the　drawing…class　the

papers　and　models　in　the　portfolios　become　moldy。〃



＇68＇　Albert　Duruy；　ibid。；　484。　（〃Procès…verbaux　des　conseils…

généraux；〃　year　IX；　passim。）



＇69＇　Ibid。；　476。　（〃Statistiques　des　préfets；〃　Sarthe；　year　X。）

〃Prejudices　which　it　is　difficult　to　overcome；　as　well　on　the

stability　of　this　school　as　on　the　morality　of　some　of　the　teachers；

prevented　its　being　frequented　for　a　time。〃　…　483。　（Procès…verbaux　des

conseils…généraux；〃　Bas…Rhin。）　〃The　overthrow　of　religion　has　excited

prejudices　against　the　central　schools。〃　…　482。　（Ibid。；　Lot。）　〃Most　of

the　teachers　in　the　central　school　took　part　in　the　revolution　in　a

not　very　honorable　way。　Their　reputation　affects　the　success　of　their

teaching。　Their　schools　are　deserted。〃



＇70＇　Albert　Duruy；　ibid。；　'94。　（According　to　the　reports　of　15　central

schools；　from　the　year　VI。　to　the　year　VIII。）　The　average　for　each

central　school　is　for　drawing；　89　pupils；　for　mathematics；　28；　for　the

classics；　24；　for　physics；　chemistry　and　natural　history；　19；　for

general　grammar；　5；　for　history；　10；　for　legislation；　8：　for　belles…

lettres；　6。　…　Rocquam；　ibid。；　P。29。　（Reports　of　Fran？ais　de　Nantes；　on

the　departments　of　the　South…east。）　〃There；　as　elsewhere；　the　courses

on　general　grammar；　on　belles…lettres；　history　and　legislation；　are

unfrequented。　Those　on　mathematics；　chemistry；　Latin　and　drawing　are

better　attended；　because　these　sciences　open　up　lucrative　careers。　…

Ibid。；　p。　108。　（Report　by　Barbé…Marboi　on　the　Brittany　departments。）



＇71＇　Statistiques　des　préfets；〃　Meurthe；　by　Marquis；　year　XIII；　p。120。

〃In　the　communal　schools　of　the　rural　districts；　the　fee　was　so　small

that　the　poorest　families　could　contribute　to　the　（teacher's）　salary。

Assessments　on　the　communal　property；　besides；　helped　almost

everywhere　in　providing　the　teacher　with　a　satisfactory　salary；　so

that　these　functions　were　sought　after　and　commonly　well　fulfilled。　。

。　。　Most　of　the　villages　had　Sisters　of　Saint…Vincent　de　Paul　for

instructors；　or　others　well　known　under　the　name　of　Vatelottes。〃　…

〃The　partition　of　communal　property；　and　the　sale　of　that　assigned　to

old　endowments；　had　deprived　the　communes　of　resources　which　afforded

a　fair　compensation　to　schoolmasters　and　schoolmistresses。　The　product

of　the　additional　centimes　scarcely　sufficed　for　administrative

expenses。　…　Thus；　there　is　but　little　else　now　than　people　without

means；　who　take　poorly　compensated　places；　again；　they　neglect　their；

schools　just　as　soon　as　they　see　an　opportunity　to　earn　something

elsewhere。〃　…　Archives　nationales；　No。　1004；　cartons　　3044　and　3145。

（Report　of　the　councillors　of　state　on　mission　in　the　year　IX。　…　First

military　division；　Report　of　Lacuée。）　Aisne：　〃There　is　now　no　primary

school　according　to　legal　institution。〃　　…　The　situation　is　the　same

in　Oise；　also