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not only  with   them�察 �but   with the  ideal   queen  who   should have   been   the 

helpmeet of the ideal king。 

     To   those  who   believe  that   the   world   is   governed by  a   living   God�察  �it 

may  seem  strange�察  �at   first   sight�察 �that this   moral   anarchy  was   allowed   to 

endure�察  �that   the   avenging�察  �and   yet   most   purifying   storm   of   the   French 

Revolution�察�inevitable from Louis XIV。's latter years�察�was not allowed to 

burst   two   generations   sooner   than   it   did。    Is   not   the   answerthat   the 

question always is not of destroying the world�察�but of amending it�拭                   �And 

that   amendment   must   always   come   from   within�察  �and   not   from   without�拭�

That     men    must    be   taught    to  become      men�察   �and    mend     their  world 

themselves�拭       �To educate men into self´ governmentthat is the purpose 

of the government of God�察�and some of the men of the eighteenth century 

did not learn that lesson。        As the century rolled on�察�the human mind arose 

out of the slough in which Le Sage found it�察�into manifold and beautiful 

activity�察�increasing hatred of shams and lies�察�increasing hunger after truth 

and usefulness。       With mistakes and confusions innumerable they worked�此�

but still they worked�察�planting good seed�察�and when the fire of the French 

Revolution swept over the land�察�it burned up the rotten and the withered�察�

only to let the fresh herbage spring up from underneath。 

     But   that   purifying   fire   was   needed。     If   we   inquire   why   the   many 

attempts     to  reform    the   Ancien    Regime�察    �which     the  eighteenth    century 

witnessed�察     �were   failures   one   and   all�察 �why   Pombal      failed  in  Portugal�察�

Aranda in Spain�察�Joseph II。 in Austria�察�Ferdinand and Caroline in Naples 

for these last�察�be it always remembered�察�began as humane and enlightened 

sovereigns�察  �patronising   liberal   opinions�察  �and   labouring   to   ameliorate   the 

condition     of   the  poor�察  �till  they  were    driven   by   the  murder     of  Marie 

Antoinette into a paroxysm of rage and terror why�察�above all�察�Louis XVI。�察�

who attempted deeper and wiser reforms than any other sovereign�察�failed 

more disastrously than anyis not the answer this�察�that all these reforms 

would but have cleansed the outside of the cup and the platter�察�while they 

left the inside full of extortion and excess�拭          �It was not merely institutions 

which required to be reformed�察�but men and women。                      The spirit of ;Gil 

Blas;   had   to   be   cast   out。 The   deadness�察  �selfishness�察  �isolation   of   men's 



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souls�察  �their   unbelief   in   great   duties�察  �great   common     causes�察  �great   self´ 

sacrificesin a word�察�their unbelief in God�察�and themselves�察�and mankind´ 

´all   that   had   to   be   reformed�察  �and   till   that   was   done   all   outward   reform 

would but have left them�察�at best�察�in brute ease and peace�察�to that soulless 

degradation�察�which ��as in the Byzantine empire of old�察�and seeming in the 

Chinese empire of to´ day�� hides the reality of barbarism under a varnish 

of   civilisation。    Men    had   to   be  awakened�察     �to   be  taught    to  think   for 

themselves�察  �act   for   themselves�察  �to   dare   and   suffer   side   by   side   for   their 

country and for their children�察�in a word�察�to arise and become men once 

more。 

     And�察�what is more�察�men had to punishto avenge。                  Those are fearful 

words。     But   there   is�察  �in   this   God´guided   universe�察  �a   law   of   retribution�察�

which will find men out�察�whether men choose to find it out or not�察�a law of 

retribution�察  �of   vengeance   inflicted   justly�察  �though   not   necessarily   by   just 

men。     The public executioner was seldom a very estimable personage�察�at 

least under the old Regime�察�and those who have been the scourges of God 

have been�察�in general�察�mere scourges�察�and nothing better�察�smiting blindly�察�

rashly�察�confusedly�察�confounding too often the innocent with the guilty�察�till 

they have seemed only to punish crime by crime�察�and replace old sins by 

new。     But�察�however insoluble�察�however saddening that puzzle be�察�I must 

believeas      long   as   I  believe   in   any   God    at   allthat  such    men    as 

Robespierre were His instruments�察�even in their crimes。 

     In the case of the French Revolution�察�indeed�察�the wickedness of certain 

of its leaders was part of the retribution itself。            For the noblesse existed 

surely to make men better。           It did�察�by certain classes�察�the very opposite。 

Therefore   it   was     destroyed   by   wicked     men�察  �whom   it    itself   had  made 

wicked。      For over and above all political�察�economic�察�social wrongs�察�there 

were   wrongs   personal�察  �human�察  �dramatic�察  �which   stirred   not   merely   the 

springs of covetousness or envy�察�or even of a just demand for the freedom 

of labour and enterprise�此        �but the very deepest springs of rage�察�contempt�察�

and hate�察�wrongs which caused�察�as I believe�察�the horrors of the Revolution。 

     It is notorious how many of the men most deeply implicated in those 

horrors were of the artist classby which I signify not merely painters and 

sculptorsas the word artist has now got�察�somewhat strangely�察�to signify�察�



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at least in Englandbut what the French meant by ARTISTESproducers 

of luxuries and amusements�察�play´ actors�察�musicians�察�and suchlike�察�down 

to   that   ;distracted   peruke´   maker   with   two   fiery   torches�察─  �who�察  �at   the 

storm of the Bastile�察 �was for burning the saltpetres of the Arsenal�察�had not 

a woman run screaming�察�had not a patriot�察�with some tincture of natural 

philosophy�察�instantly struck the wind out of him�察�with butt of musket on 

pit of stomach�察�overturned the barrels�察�and stayed the devouring element。; 

The   distracted   peruke´maker   may   have   had   his   wrongsperhaps   such   a 

one as that of poor Triboulet the fool�察�in ;Le Roi s'amuse;and his own 

sound reasons for blowing down the Bastile�察�and the system which kept it 

up。 

     For    these   very    ministers    of   luxurythen     miscalled     artfrom    the 

periwig´maker to the play´actorwho like them had seen the frivolity�察�the 

baseness�察�the profligacy�察�of the rulers to whose vices they pandered�察�whom 

they despised while they adored�             �Figaro himself may have looked up to 

his master the Marquis as a superior being as long as the law enabled the 

Marquis to send him to the Bastile by a lettre de cachet�察�yet Figaro may 

have known and seen enough to excuse him�察�when lettres de cachet were 

abolished�察  �for   handing   the   Marquis   over   to   a   Comite   de   Salut   Public。 

Disappointed   play´actors�察  �like   Collet   d'Herbois�察  �disappointed   poets�察  �like 

Fabre d'Olivet�察�were�察�they say�察�especially ferocious。              Why not�拭�Ingenious�察�

sensitive  spirits�察 �used   as   lap´dogs   and   singing´birds   by   men   and   women 

whom  they   felt   to   be   their   own   flesh   and   blood�察  �they   had�察  �it   may   be�察  �a 

juster appreciation of the actual worth of their patrons than had our own 

Pitt   and   Burke。    They  had   played   the   valet�此�and   no   man   was   a   hero   to 

them。     They had seen the nobleman expose himself before his own helots�此�

they    would     try  if  the  helot  was    not  as  good    as  the   nobleman。      The 

nobleman   had played   the   mountebank�此  �why  should   not the   mountebank�察�

for   once�察  �play   the   nobleman�拭     �The   nobleman's   God   had   been   his   five 

senses�察�with ��to use Mr。 Carlyle's phrase�� the sixth sense of vanity�此                  �why 

should not the mountebank worship the same God�察�like Carriere at Nantes�察�

and see what grace and gifts he too might obtain at that altar�拭�

     But   why   so   cruel�拭   �Because�察  �with   many   of   these   men�察  �I   more   than 

suspect�察�there were wrongs to be avenged deeper than any wrongs done to 



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the   sixth   sense   of  vanity。    Wrongs      common      to  them�察   �and   to  a  great 

portion of the respectable middle class�察�and much of the lower class�此                  �but 

wrongs to   which they  and   their   families�察�being   most   in   contact   with the 

noblesse�察�would be especially exposed�察�namely�察�wrongs to women。 

     Everyone   who   knows   the   literature   of   that   time�察  �must   know   what   I 

mean�此     �what had gone on for more than a century�察�it may be more than 

two�察   �in  France�察   �in  Italy�察 �andI   am   sorry   to  have   to  say   itGermany 

likewise。     All historians know what I mean�察�and how enormous was the 

evil。    I only wonder that they have so much overlooked that item in the 

causes of the Revolution。          It seems to me to have been more patent and 

potent in the sight of men�察�as it surely was in the sight of Almighty God�察�

than   all   the   political   and   economic   wrongs   put   together。     They   might 

have issued in a change of dynasty or of laws。 That�察�issued in the blood of 

the offenders。      Not a girl was enticed into Louis XV。's Petit Trianon�察�or 

other    den   of  aristocratic   iniquity�察  �but   left  behind   her�察 �parents    nursing 

shame and sullen indignation�察�even while they fingered the ill´gotten price 

of   their   daughter's   honour�察  �and   left   behind   also�察  �perhaps�察  �some   unhappy 

boy     of  her   own    class�察  �in  whom      disappointment      and    jealousy    were 

transformedand who will blame him��into righteous indignation�察�and a 

very sword of God�察�all the more indignant�察�and all the more righteous�察�if 

education helped him to see�察�that the maiden's acquiescence�察�her pride in 

her own shame�察�was the ugliest feature in the whole crime�察�and the most 

potent reason for putting an end�察�however fearful�察�to a state of things in 

which such a fate was thought an honour and a gain�察�and not a disgrace 

and   a   ruin�察  �in   which   the   most   gifted   daughters   of   the   lower   classes   had 

learnt to think it more noble to becomethat which they becamethan the 

wives of honest men。 

     If you will read fairly the literature of the Ancien Regime�察�whether in 

France   or   elsewhere�察  �you   will   see   that   my   facts   are   true。 If   you   have 

human hearts in you�察�you will see in them�察�it seems to me�察�an explanation 

of many a guillotinade and fusillade�察�as yet explained only on the ground 

of madnessan hypothesis which ��as we d

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