the crowd-第10章
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on； one of the most remarkable indications of the mental state of crowds； and especially of the facility with which they are suggestioned。 The unreal has almost as much influence on them as the real。 They have an evident tendency not to distinguish between the two。
The power of conquerors and the strength of States is based on the popular imagination。 It is more particularly by working upon this imagination that crowds are led。 All great historical facts； the rise of Buddhism； of Christianity； of Islamism； the Reformation； the French Revolution； and； in our own time； the threatening invasion of Socialism are the direct or indirect consequences of strong impressions produced on the imagination of the crowd。
Moreover； all the great statesmen of every age and every country； including the most absolute despots； have regarded the popular imagination as the basis of their power； and they have never attempted to govern in opposition to it 〃It was by becoming a Catholic；〃 said Napoleon to the Council of State； 〃that I terminated the Vendeen war。 By becoming a Mussulman that I obtained a footing in Egypt。 By becoming an Ultramontane that I won over the Italian priests； and had I to govern a nation of Jews I would rebuild Solomon's temple。〃 Never perhaps since Alexander and Caesar has any great man better understood how the imagination of the crowd should be impressed。 His constant preoccupation was to strike it。 He bore it in mind in his victories； in his harangues； in his speeches； in all his acts。 On his deathbed it was still in his thoughts。
How is the imagination of crowds to be impressed？ We shall soon see。 Let us confine ourselves for the moment to saying that the feat is never to be achieved by attempting to work upon the intelligence or reasoning faculty； that is to say； by way of demonstration。 It was not by means of cunning rhetoric that Antony succeeded in making the populace rise against the murderers of Caesar； it was by reading his will to the multitude and pointing to his corpse。
Whatever strikes the imagination of crowds presents itself under the shape of a startling and very clear image； freed from all accessory explanation； or merely having as accompaniment a few marvellous or mysterious facts： examples in point are a great victory； a great miracle； a great crime； or a great hope。 Things must be laid before the crowd as a whole； and their genesis must never be indicated。 A hundred petty crimes or petty accidents will not strike the imagination of crowds in the least； whereas a single great crime or a single great accident will profoundly impress them； even though the results be infinitely less disastrous than those of the hundred small accidents put together。 The epidemic of influenza； which caused the death but a few years ago of five thousand persons in Paris alone； made very little impression on the popular imagination。 The reason was that this veritable hecatomb was not embodied in any visible image； but was only learnt from statistical information furnished weekly。 An accident which should have caused the death of only five hundred instead of five thousand persons； but on the same day and in public； as the outcome of an accident appealing strongly to the eye； by the fall； for instance； of the Eiffel Tower； would have produced； on the contrary； an immense impression on the imagination of the crowd。 The probable loss of a transatlantic steamer that was supposed； in the absence of news； to have gone down in mid…ocean profoundly impressed the imagination of the crowd for a whole week。 Yet official statistics show that 850 sailing vessels and 203 steamers were lost in the year 1894 alone。 The crowd； however； was never for a moment concerned by these successive losses； much more important though they were as far as regards the destruction of life and property； than the loss of the Atlantic liner in question could possibly have been。
It is not； then； the facts in themselves that strike the popular imagination； but the way in which they take place and are brought under notice。 It is necessary that by their condensation； if I may thus express myself； they should produce a startling image which fills and besets the mind。 To know the art of impressing the imagination of crowds is to know at the same time the art of governing them。
CHAPTER IV
A RELIGIOUS SHAPE ASSUMED BY ALL THE CONVICTIONS OF CROWDS
What is meant by the religious sentimentIt is independent of the worship of a divinityIts characteristicsThe strength of convictions assuming a religious shapeVarious examplesPopular gods have never disappearedNew forms under which they are revivedReligious forms of atheismImportance of these notions from the historical point of view The Reformation； Saint Bartholomew； the Terror； and all analogous events are the result of the religious sentiments of crowds and not of the will of isolated individuals。
We have shown that crowds do not reason； that they accept or reject ideas as a whole； that they tolerate neither discussion nor contradiction； and that the suggestions brought to bear on them invade the entire field of their understanding and tend at once to transform themselves into acts。 We have shown that crowds suitably influenced are ready to sacrifice themselves for the ideal with which they have been inspired。 We have also seen that they only entertain violent and extreme sentiments； that in their case sympathy quickly becomes adoration； and antipathy almost as soon as it is aroused is transformed into hatred。 These general indications furnish us already with a presentiment of the nature of the convictions of crowds。
When these convictions are closely examined； whether at epochs marked by fervent religious faith； or by great political upheavals such as those of the last century； it is apparent that they always assume a peculiar form which I cannot better define than by giving it the name of a religious sentiment。
This sentiment has very simple characteristics； such as worship of a being supposed superior； fear of the power with which the being is credited； blind submission to its commands； inability to discuss its dogmas； the desire to spread them； and a tendency to consider as enemies all by whom they are not accepted。 Whether such a sentiment apply to an invisible God； to a wooden or stone idol； to a hero or to a political conception； provided that it presents the preceding characteristics； its essence always remains religious。 The supernatural and the miraculous are found to be present to the same extent。 Crowds unconsciously accord a mysterious power to the political formula or the victorious leader that for the moment arouses their enthusiasm。
A person is not religious solely when he worships a divinity； but when he puts all the resources of his mind； the complete submission of his will； and the whole…souled ardour of fanaticism at the service of a cause or an individual who becomes the goal and guide of his thoughts and actions。
Intolerance and fanaticism are the necessary accompaniments of the religious sentiment。 They are inevitably displayed by those who believe themselves in the possession of the secret of earthly or eternal happiness。 These two characteristics are to be found in all men grouped together when they are inspired by a conviction of any kind。 The Jacobins of the Reign of Terror were at bottom as religious as the Catholics of the Inquisition； and their cruel ardour proceeded from the same source。
The convictions of crowds assume those characteristics of blind submission； fierce intolerance； and the need of violent propaganda which are inherent in the religious sentiment； and it is for this reason that it may be said that all their beliefs have a religious form。 The hero acclaimed by a crowd is a veritable god for that crowd。 Napoleon was such a god for fifteen years； and a divinity never had more fervent worshippers or sent men to their death with greater ease。 The Christian and Pagan Gods never exercised a more absolute empire over the minds that had fallen under their sway。
All founders of religious or political creeds have established them solely because they were successful in inspiring crowds with those fanatical sentiments which have as result that men find their happiness in worship and obedience and are ready to lay down their lives for their idol。 This has been the case at all epochs。 Fustel de Coulanges； in his excellent work on Roman Gaul； justly remarks that the Roman Empire was in no wise maintained by force； but by the religious admiration it inspired。 〃It would be without a parallel in the history of the world；〃 he observes rightly； 〃that a form of government held in popular detestation should have lasted for five centuries。 。 。 。 It would be inexplicable that the thirty legions of the Empire should have constrained a hundred million men to obedience。〃 The reason of their obedience was that the Emperor； who personified the greatness of Rome； was worshipped like a divinity by unanimous consent。 There were altars in honour of the Emperor in the smallest townships of his realm。 〃From one end of the Empire to the other a new religion was seen to arise in those days which had for its divinities the emperors themselves。 Some years before the Christian era the whole of Gaul； represented by sixty cities； built in common a temple near the town of Lyons in honour of Augustus。 。 。 。 Its priests； elected by the united Gallic cities； were the principal personages in their country。 。 。 。 It is impossible to attribute all this to fear and servility。 Whole nations are not servile； and especially for three centuries。 It was not the courtiers who worshipped the prince； it was Rome； and it was not Rome merely； but it was Gaul； it was Spain； it was Greece and Asia。〃
To…day the majority of the great men who have swayed men's minds no longer have altars； but they have statues； or their portraits are in the hands of their admirers； and the cult of which they are the object is not notably different from that accorded to their predecessors。 An understanding of the philosophy of history is only to be got by a thorough appreciation of this fundamental point of the psychology of crowds。 The crowd demands a god before everything else。
It must not be supposed that these are the superstitions of a bygone age which reason has definitely banished。 Sentiment has never been vanquished in its eternal conflict with reason。 Crowds will hear no more of the words divinity and religion； in whose name they were so long enslaved； but they have never possessed so many fetishes as in the last hundred years； and the old divinities have never had so many statues and altars raised in their honour。 Those who in recent years have studied the popular movement known under the name of Boulangism have been able to see with what ease the religious instincts of crowds are ready to revive。 There was not a country inn that did not possess the hero's portrait。 He was credited with the power of remedying all injustices and all evils； and thousands of men would have given their lives for him。 Great might have been his place in history had his character been at all on a level with his legendary reputation。
It is thus a very useless commonplace to assert that a r
