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the crisis in russia(躯忽裡字)-及7嫗

弌傍�� the crisis in russia(躯忽裡字) 忖方�� 耽匈3500忖

梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




undoubtedly  find   every   kind   of   difficulty   put   in   their   way   by   the   rather 

Jesuitical adherents of the faith。           But。 no matter how these majorities are 



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obtained�察  �the   result   is   that   when   the   Communist   Party   has   made   up   its 

mind on any subject�察�it is so certain of being able to carry its point that the 

calling     together    of  the   All´Russian      Executive      Committee       is  merely     a 

theatrical demonstration of the fact that it can do what it likes。                    When it 

does     meet�察   �the  Communists        allow    the   microscopical       opposition     great 

liberty  of   speech�察�listen   quietly�察 �cheer   ironically�察  �and   vote   like   one   man�察�

proving on every occasion that the meeting of the Executive   Committee 

was the idlest of forms�察�intended rather to satisfy purists than for purposes 

of   discussion�察  �since   the   real   discussion   has   all   taken   place   beforehand 

among   the   Communists   themselves。              Something   like   this   must   happen 

with   every   representative   assembly   at   which   a   single   party   has   a   great 

preponderance   and   a   rigid   internal   discipline。   The   real   interest   is   in   the 

discussion inside the Party Committees。 

       This state of affairs would probably be more actively resented if the 

people   were   capable   of   resenting   anything   but   their   own   hunger�察  �or   of 

fearing anything but a general collapse which would turn that hunger into 

starvation。      It   must   be   remembered   that   the   urgency   of   the   economic 

crisis     has    driven     political    questions      into    the   background。          The 

Communists   ��compare   Rykov's   remarks   on   this   subject�察  �p。   175��   believe 

that this is the natural result of social revolution。             They think that political 

parties will disappear altogether and that people will band together�察�not for 

the   victory   of   one   of   several   contending   political   parties�察  �but   solely   for 

economic cooperation or joint enterprise in art or science。                     In support of 

this they point to the number of 

     their opponents who have become Communists�察�and to the still greater 

number   of   non´Communists   who   are   loyally   working   with   them   for   the 

economic        reconstruction      of   the   country。      I   do    not   agree    with    the 

Communists in this�察�nor yet with their opponents�察�who attribute the death 

of political discussion to fear of the Extraordinary Commission。                        I think 

that both the Communists and their opponents underestimate the influence 

of the economic ruin that affects everybody。 The latter particularly�察�feeling 

that    in  some    way     they   must    justify   themselves      to  politically    minded 

foreign visitors�察�seek an excuse for their apathy in the one institution that 

is almost universally unpopular。             I have many non´Communist friends in 



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Russia�察�but have never detected the least restraint that could be attributed 

to fear of anybody in their criticisms of the Communist regime。                    The fear 

existed alike among Communists and non´Communists�察�but it was like the 

fear    of  people    walking   about     in  a  particularly   bad    thunderstorm。      The 

activities and arrests of the Extraordinary Commission are so haphazard�察�

often so utterly illogical�察�that it is quite idle for any one to say to himself 

that   by   following   any   given   line   of   conduct   he   will   avoid   molestation。 

Also�察    �there   is  something     in   the  Russian     character    which     makes    any 

prohibition   of   discussion   almost   an   invitation   to   discuss。     I   have   never 

met   a   Russian   who   could   be   prevented   from   saying   whatever   he   liked 

whenever he liked�察�by any threats or dangers whatsoever。                    The only way 

to   prevent   a   Russian   from   talking   is   to   cut   out   his   tongue。  The   real 

reason     for  the   apathy    is  that�察 �for  the   moment�察    �for   almost    everybody 

political    questions    are   of  infinitesimal    importance      in  comparison      with 

questions of food and warmth。              The ferment of political discussion that 

filled the first years of the revolution has died away�察�and people talk about 

little but what they are able to get for dinner�察�or what somebody else his 

been   able   to   get。  I�察  �like   other   foreign   visitors   coming   to   Russia   after 

feeding up in other countries�察�am all agog to make people talk。                     But the 

sort of questions which interest me�察�with my full´fed stomach�察�are brushed 

aside almost fretfully by men who have been more or less hungry for two 

or three years on end。 

       I   find�察  �instead   of   an   urgent   desire   to   alter   this   or   that   at   once�察  �to´ 

morrow�察�in the political complexion of the country�察�a general desire to do 

the best that can be done with things as they are�察�a general fear of further 

upheaval of any kind�察�in 

     fact a general acquiescence in the present state of affairs politically�察�in 

the hope of altering the present state of affairs economically。                 And this is 

entirely   natural。     Everybody�察  �Communists   included�察  �rails   bitterly   at   the 

inefficiencies      of  the  present    system�察   �but   everybody�察    �Anti´Communists 

included�察�admits that there is nothing whatever capable of taking its place。 

Its failure is highly undesirable�察�not because it itself is good�察�but because 

such failure would be preceded or followed by a breakdown of all existing 

organizations。 Food distribution�察�inadequate as it now is�察�would come to 



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an end。     The innumerable non´political committees�察�which are rather like 

Boards of Directors controlling the Timber�察�Fur�察�Fishery�察�Steel�察�Matches or 

other Trusts ��since the nationalized industries can be so considered�� would 

collapse�察  �and   with   them   would   collapse   not   only   yet   one   more   hope   of 

keeping a breath of life in Russian industry�察�but also the actual livelihoods 

of a great number of people�察�both Communists and non´Communists。                          I 

do not   think   it   is   realized   out´side   Russia how  large   a  proportion   of   the 

educated classes have become civil servants of one kind or another。                    It is 

a rare thing when a whole family has left Russia�察�and many of the most 

embittered   partisans   of   war   on   Russia   have   relations   inside   Russia   who 

have long ago found places under the new system�察�and consequently fear 

its collapse as much as any one。          One case occurs to me in which a father 

was an important minister in one of the various White Governments which 

have received Allied support�察�while his son inside Russia was doing pretty 

well as a responsible official under the Communists。               Now in the event of 

a violent change�察�the Communists would be outlaws with a price on every 

head�察�and those who have worked with them�察�being Russians�察�know their 

fellow countrymen well enough to be pretty well convinced that the mere 

fact that they are without cards of the membership of the Communist Party�察�

would not save them in the orgy of slaughter that would follow any such 

collapse。 

       People    may     think   that   I  underestimate      the   importance     of�察  �the 

Extraordinary Commission。            I am perfectly aware that without this police 

force    with   its  spies�察 �its  prisons   and   its  troops�察 �the   difficulties   of  the 

Dictatorship would be increased by every              kind of disorder�察�and the chaos�察�

which     I fear may come�察�would have begun long ago。 I believe�察�too�察�that 

the overgrown power of the Extraordinary Commission�察�

     and the cure that must sooner or later be applied to it�察�may�察�as in the 

French   Revolution�察 �bring   about   the   collapse   of   the   whole  system。       The 

Commission   depends   for   its   strength   on   the   fear   of   something   else。    I 

have seen it weaken when there was a hope of general peace。                   I have seen 

it tighten   its grip   in the   presence   of   attacks   from  without   and   attempted 

assassination within。        It is dreaded by everybody�察�not even Communists 

are safe from it�察�but it does not suffice to explain the Dictatorship�察�and is 



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actually     entirely    irrelevant     to  the    most    important     process     of   that 

Dictatorship�察�namely�察�the adoption of a single idea�察�a single argument�察�by 

the    whole    of  a   very   large   body    of  men。     The     whole    power     of  the 

Extraordinary        Commission        does    not   affect    in   the   slightest   degree 

discussions   inside   the   Communist   Party�察  �and   those   discussions   are   the 

simple   fact   distinguishing   the   Communist   Dictatorship   from   any   of   the 

other dictatorships by which it may be supplanted。 

       There   are   600��000   members   of   the   Communist   Party   ��611��978   on 

April 2�察�1920��。 There are nineteen members of the Central Committee of 

that party。     There are�察�I believe�察�five who�察�when they agree�察�can usually 

sway   the   remaining   fourteen。        There   is   no   need   to   wonder   how   these 

fourteen   can   be   argued   into   acceptance   of   the   views   of   the   still   smaller 

inner ring�察�but the process of persuading the six hundred thousand of the 

desirability of�察�for example�察�such measures as those involved in industrial 

conscription which�察�at first sight�察�was certainly repugnant to most of them�察�

is the main secret of the Dictatorship�察�and is not in any way affected by the 

existence of the Extraordinary Commission。 

       Thus the actual government of Russia at the present time may be not 

unfairly considered as a small group inside the Central Committee of the 

Communist Party。          This small group is able to persuade the majority of 

the   remaining   members   of   that   Committee。           The   Committee   then   sets 

about   persuading   the   majority   of   the   party。      In   the   case   of   important 

measures the process is elaborate。 The Committee 

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