the crisis in russia(躯忽裡字)-及7嫗
梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
undoubtedly find every kind of difficulty put in their way by the rather
Jesuitical adherents of the faith。 But。 no matter how these majorities are
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obtained�察 �the result is that when the Communist Party has made up its
mind on any subject�察�it is so certain of being able to carry its point that the
calling together of the All´Russian Executive Committee is merely a
theatrical demonstration of the fact that it can do what it likes。 When it
does meet�察 �the Communists allow the microscopical opposition great
liberty of speech�察�listen quietly�察 �cheer ironically�察 �and vote like one man�察�
proving on every occasion that the meeting of the Executive Committee
was the idlest of forms�察�intended rather to satisfy purists than for purposes
of discussion�察 �since the real discussion has all taken place beforehand
among the Communists themselves。 Something like this must happen
with every representative assembly at which a single party has a great
preponderance and a rigid internal discipline。 The real interest is in the
discussion inside the Party Committees。
This state of affairs would probably be more actively resented if the
people were capable of resenting anything but their own hunger�察 �or of
fearing anything but a general collapse which would turn that hunger into
starvation。 It must be remembered that the urgency of the economic
crisis has driven political questions into the background。 The
Communists ��compare Rykov's remarks on this subject�察 �p。 175�� believe
that this is the natural result of social revolution。 They think that political
parties will disappear altogether and that people will band together�察�not for
the victory of one of several contending political parties�察 �but solely for
economic cooperation or joint enterprise in art or science。 In support of
this they point to the number of
their opponents who have become Communists�察�and to the still greater
number of non´Communists who are loyally working with them for the
economic reconstruction of the country。 I do not agree with the
Communists in this�察�nor yet with their opponents�察�who attribute the death
of political discussion to fear of the Extraordinary Commission。 I think
that both the Communists and their opponents underestimate the influence
of the economic ruin that affects everybody。 The latter particularly�察�feeling
that in some way they must justify themselves to politically minded
foreign visitors�察�seek an excuse for their apathy in the one institution that
is almost universally unpopular。 I have many non´Communist friends in
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Russia�察�but have never detected the least restraint that could be attributed
to fear of anybody in their criticisms of the Communist regime。 The fear
existed alike among Communists and non´Communists�察�but it was like the
fear of people walking about in a particularly bad thunderstorm。 The
activities and arrests of the Extraordinary Commission are so haphazard�察�
often so utterly illogical�察�that it is quite idle for any one to say to himself
that by following any given line of conduct he will avoid molestation。
Also�察 �there is something in the Russian character which makes any
prohibition of discussion almost an invitation to discuss。 I have never
met a Russian who could be prevented from saying whatever he liked
whenever he liked�察�by any threats or dangers whatsoever。 The only way
to prevent a Russian from talking is to cut out his tongue。 The real
reason for the apathy is that�察 �for the moment�察 �for almost everybody
political questions are of infinitesimal importance in comparison with
questions of food and warmth。 The ferment of political discussion that
filled the first years of the revolution has died away�察�and people talk about
little but what they are able to get for dinner�察�or what somebody else his
been able to get。 I�察 �like other foreign visitors coming to Russia after
feeding up in other countries�察�am all agog to make people talk。 But the
sort of questions which interest me�察�with my full´fed stomach�察�are brushed
aside almost fretfully by men who have been more or less hungry for two
or three years on end。
I find�察 �instead of an urgent desire to alter this or that at once�察 �to´
morrow�察�in the political complexion of the country�察�a general desire to do
the best that can be done with things as they are�察�a general fear of further
upheaval of any kind�察�in
fact a general acquiescence in the present state of affairs politically�察�in
the hope of altering the present state of affairs economically。 And this is
entirely natural。 Everybody�察 �Communists included�察 �rails bitterly at the
inefficiencies of the present system�察 �but everybody�察 �Anti´Communists
included�察�admits that there is nothing whatever capable of taking its place。
Its failure is highly undesirable�察�not because it itself is good�察�but because
such failure would be preceded or followed by a breakdown of all existing
organizations。 Food distribution�察�inadequate as it now is�察�would come to
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an end。 The innumerable non´political committees�察�which are rather like
Boards of Directors controlling the Timber�察�Fur�察�Fishery�察�Steel�察�Matches or
other Trusts ��since the nationalized industries can be so considered�� would
collapse�察 �and with them would collapse not only yet one more hope of
keeping a breath of life in Russian industry�察�but also the actual livelihoods
of a great number of people�察�both Communists and non´Communists。 I
do not think it is realized out´side Russia how large a proportion of the
educated classes have become civil servants of one kind or another。 It is
a rare thing when a whole family has left Russia�察�and many of the most
embittered partisans of war on Russia have relations inside Russia who
have long ago found places under the new system�察�and consequently fear
its collapse as much as any one。 One case occurs to me in which a father
was an important minister in one of the various White Governments which
have received Allied support�察�while his son inside Russia was doing pretty
well as a responsible official under the Communists。 Now in the event of
a violent change�察�the Communists would be outlaws with a price on every
head�察�and those who have worked with them�察�being Russians�察�know their
fellow countrymen well enough to be pretty well convinced that the mere
fact that they are without cards of the membership of the Communist Party�察�
would not save them in the orgy of slaughter that would follow any such
collapse。
People may think that I underestimate the importance of�察 �the
Extraordinary Commission。 I am perfectly aware that without this police
force with its spies�察 �its prisons and its troops�察 �the difficulties of the
Dictatorship would be increased by every kind of disorder�察�and the chaos�察�
which I fear may come�察�would have begun long ago。 I believe�察�too�察�that
the overgrown power of the Extraordinary Commission�察�
and the cure that must sooner or later be applied to it�察�may�察�as in the
French Revolution�察 �bring about the collapse of the whole system。 The
Commission depends for its strength on the fear of something else。 I
have seen it weaken when there was a hope of general peace。 I have seen
it tighten its grip in the presence of attacks from without and attempted
assassination within。 It is dreaded by everybody�察�not even Communists
are safe from it�察�but it does not suffice to explain the Dictatorship�察�and is
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actually entirely irrelevant to the most important process of that
Dictatorship�察�namely�察�the adoption of a single idea�察�a single argument�察�by
the whole of a very large body of men。 The whole power of the
Extraordinary Commission does not affect in the slightest degree
discussions inside the Communist Party�察 �and those discussions are the
simple fact distinguishing the Communist Dictatorship from any of the
other dictatorships by which it may be supplanted。
There are 600��000 members of the Communist Party ��611��978 on
April 2�察�1920��。 There are nineteen members of the Central Committee of
that party。 There are�察�I believe�察�five who�察�when they agree�察�can usually
sway the remaining fourteen。 There is no need to wonder how these
fourteen can be argued into acceptance of the views of the still smaller
inner ring�察�but the process of persuading the six hundred thousand of the
desirability of�察�for example�察�such measures as those involved in industrial
conscription which�察�at first sight�察�was certainly repugnant to most of them�察�
is the main secret of the Dictatorship�察�and is not in any way affected by the
existence of the Extraordinary Commission。
Thus the actual government of Russia at the present time may be not
unfairly considered as a small group inside the Central Committee of the
Communist Party。 This small group is able to persuade the majority of
the remaining members of that Committee。 The Committee then sets
about persuading the majority of the party。 In the case of important
measures the process is elaborate。 The Committee