握握弌傍利 > 凪麿窮徨慕 > the crisis in russia(躯忽裡字) >

及11嫗

the crisis in russia(躯忽裡字)-及11嫗

弌傍�� the crisis in russia(躯忽裡字) 忖方�� 耽匈3500忖

梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




     present situation of Soviet Russia's Foreign Affairs。 The little box of a 

room filled to   a solid   mass   as policemen�察 �generals   and ladies of   the   old 

regime     threw    off  their  costumes�察    �and�察  �in  their  working     clothes�察   �plain 

signalmen and engine´drivers�察�pressed round to listen。 When the act ended�察�

one of the railwaymen went to the front of the stage and announced that 

Radek�察�who had lately come back after imprisonment in Germany for the 

cause of revolution�察�was going to talk to them about the general state of 

affairs。    I   saw   Radek   grin   atthis   forecast   of   his   speech。  I   understood 

why�察    �when    he   began    to  speak。    He    led   off  by   a  direct   and   furious 

onslaught on the railway workers in general�察�demanding work�察�work and 

more work�察�telling them that as the Red Army had been the vanguard of 

the revolution hitherto�察�and had starved and fought and given lives to save 

those at home from Denikin and Kolchak�察�so now it was the turn of the 

railway   workers   on   whose   efforts   not   only   the   Red   Army   but   also   the 

whole future of Russia depended。              He addressed himself to the women�察�

telling    them     in   very    bad   Russian      that   unless    their   men     worked 

superhumanly they would see their babies die from starvation next winter。 

I   saw   women   nudge   their   husbands   as   they   listened。     Instead   of   giving 

them a pleasant�察�interesting sketch of the international position�察�which�察�no 

doubt�察�was what they had expected�察�he took the opportunity to tell them 

exactly how things stood at home。             And the amazing thing was that they 

seemed to be pleased。           They listened with extreme attention�察�wanted   to 

turn out some one who had a sneezing fit at the far end of the hall�察�and 

nearly     lifted  the   roof   off  with    cheering    when     Radek     had   done。     I 

wondered       what    sort  of  reception    a  man    would     have   who    in   another 

country interrupted a play to hammer home truths about the need of work 

into an audience of working men who had gathered solely for the purpose 

of legitimate recreation。        It was not as if he sugared the medicine he gave 

them。     His   speech   was   nothing   but   demands   for   discipline   and   work�察�

coupled with prophecy of disaster in case work and discipline failed。                      It 

was   delivered   like   all   his   speeches�察  �with   a   strong   Polish   accent   and   a 

steady succession of mistakes in grammar。 



                                                40 


´ Page 41´

                                   THE CRISIS IN RUSSIA 



       As   we   walked   home   along   the   railway   lines�察  �half   a   dozen   of   the 

railwaymen pressed around Radek�察�and almost fought with each other as 

to who should walk next to him。 And Radek entirely happy�察�delighted at 

his success in 

     giving them a bombshell instead of a bouquet�察�with one stout fellow on 

one   arm�察  �another   on   the   other�察  �two   or   three   more   listening   in   front   and 

behind�察�continued rubbing it into them until we reached our wagon�察�when�察�

after a general handshaking�察�they disappeared into the night。 



                    THE TRADE UNIONS 



     Trade Unions in Russia are in a different position from that which is 

common   to   all   other  Trades   Unions   in   the   world。   In   other   countries   the 

Trades   Unions   are   a   force   with   whose   opposition   the   Government   must 

reckon。       In    Russia     the   Government        reckons     not   on   the    possible 

opposition of   the Trades   Unions�察�but on their help for   realizing its   most 

difficult measures�察�and for undermining and overwhelming any opposition 

which   those     measures   may   encounter。         The   Trades     Unions   in    Russia�察�

instead of being an organization outside the State protecting the interests 

of   a   class   against   the   governing   class�察  �have   become   a   part   of   the   State 

organization。       Since�察   �during    the   present    period    of  the  revolution     the 

backbone   of   the   State   organization   is   the   Communist   Party�察  �the   Trade 

Unions have come to be practically an extension of the party organization。 

This�察�of course�察�would be indignantly denied both by Trade Unionists and 

Communists。         Still�察  �in  the   preface    to  the   All´Russian      Trades    Union 

Reports   for   1919�察  �Glebov�察  �one   of   the   best´known   Trade   Union   leaders 

whom   I     remember      in  the   spring   of   last  year   objecting    to  the  use   of 

bourgeois      specialists    in  their   proper    places�察   �admits    as   much     in  the 

following muddleheaded statement�此� 

       ;The   base   of   the   proletarian   dictatorship   is   the   Communist   Party�察�

which in general directs all the political and economic work of the State�察�

leaning�察�first of all�察�on the Soviets as on the more revolutionary form of 

dictatorship   of   the   proletariat�察  �and   secondly   on   the   Trades   Unions�察      �as 



                                                41 


´ Page 42´

                                  THE CRISIS IN RUSSIA 



organizations      which    economically      unite   the   proletariat   of  factory   and 

workshop as the  vanguard of   the  revolution�察 �and   as organizations   of the 

new socialistic construction of the State。           Thus the Trade Unions must be 

considered       as   a   base    of   the   Soviet     State�察  �as   an   organic     form 

complementary to the other forms of the Proletariat Dictatorship。;                   These 

two elaborate sentences constitute an admission of what I have just said。 

       Trades   Unionists   of   other    countries   must   regard     the   fate   of  their 

Russian   colleagues   with   horror   or   with   satisfaction�察  �according   to   their 

views of events in Russia taken as a whole。                If they do not believe that 

there has been a social revolution in Russia�察�they must regard the present 

position of the Russian Trades Unions as the reward of a complete defeat 

of Trade Unionism�察�in which a Capitalist government has been able to lay 

violent    hands    on   the   organization     which    was   protecting    the   workers 

against it。    If�察�on the other hand�察�they believe that there has been a social 

revolution�察�so that the class organized in Trades Unions is now�察�identical 

with   the   governing�察  �class   ��of   employers�察  �etc。��   against   which   the   unions 

once struggled�察�then they must regard the present position as a natural and 

satisfactory result of victory。 

       When I was in Moscow in the spring of this year the Russian Trades 

Unions      received     a   telegram     from    the   Trades     Union     Congress      at 

Amsterdam�察  �a   telegram   which   admirably   illustrated   the   impossibility   of 

separating judgment of the present position of the Unions from judgments 

of the Russian revolution as a whole。            It encouraged the Unions ;in their 

struggle;     and    promised     support    in   that  struggle。     The    Communists 

immediately asked ;What struggle�拭�Against the capitalist system in Russia 

which     does    not  exist�拭  �Or   against   capitalist   systems     outside   Russia�拭─�

They said that either the telegram meant this latter only�察�or it meant that its 

writers did not believe that there had been a social revolution in Russia。 

The point is arguable。        If one believes that revolution is an impossibility�察�

one can reason from that belief and say that in spite of certain upheavals in 

Russia   the   fundamental   arrangement   of   society   is   the   same   there   as   in 

other countries�察�so that the position of the Trade Unions there must be the 

same�察�and�察�as in other countries they must be still engaged in augmenting 

the dinners of their members at the expense of the dinners of the capitalists 



                                               42 


´ Page 43´

                                  THE CRISIS IN RUSSIA 



which�察�in the long run ��if that were possible�� they would abolish。                   If�察�on 

the other hand�察�one believes that social revolution has actually occurred�察�to 

speak of Trades Unions continuing the struggle in which they conquered 

something like three years 

     ago�察  �is   to   urge   them   to   a   sterile   fanaticism   which   has   been   neatly 

described by Professor Santayana as a redoubling of your effort when you 

have forgotten your aim。 

       It   's   probably   true   that   the   ;aim;   of   the   Trades   Unions   was   more 

clearly defined in Russia than elsewhere。              In England during the greater 

part    of  their  history    the  Trades    Unions     have   not   been    in  conscious 

opposition to the State。 In Russia this position was forced on the Trades 

Unions almost before they had time to get to work。                  They were born�察�so 

to    speak�察   �with    red   flags   in   their   hands。     They      grew     up   under 

circumstances of extreme difficulty and persecution。                From 1905 on they 

were in decided opposition to the existing system�察�and were revolutionary 

rather than merely mitigatory organizations。 

       Before 1905 they were little more than associations for mutual help�察�

very weak�察�spending most of their energies in self´preservation from the 

police�察�and hiding their character as class organizations by electing more 

or   less   Liberal   managers   and   employers   as   ;honorary   members。;   1905�察�

however�察�settled their revolutionary character。             In September of that year 

there was a Conference at Moscow�察�where it was decided to call an All´ 

Russian Trades Union Congress。 Reaction in Russia made this impossible�察�

and   the   most   they   could   do   was   to   have   another   small   Conference   in 

February�察�1906�察�which�察�however�察�defined their object as that of creating a 

general   Trade   Union      Movement   organized         on   All´Russian     lines。  The 

temper of the Trades Unions then�察�and the condition of the country at that 

time�察�may be judged from the fact that although they were merely working 

for   the   right   to   form   Unions�察  �the   right   to   strike�察  �etc。�察  �they   passed   the 

following   significant   resolution�此   �Neither   from   the   present   Government 

nor from the future State Duma can be expected realization of freedom of 

coalition。     This     Conference      considers    the   legalization    of  the   Trades 

Unions       under    present     conditions       absolutely      impossible。;        The 

Conference was right。          For twelve years after that there were no Trad

卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��1�� 家��1��

低辛嬬浪散議