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phenomenology of mind-及4嫗

弌傍�� phenomenology of mind 忖方�� 耽匈3500忖

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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��



          only realized as a part of a concrete whole of individuals�此�its life is drawn from common life
          in and with others。 To attempt to enunciate laws from itself as if it could create the
          conditions of its own inherent universality can only issue in one result�此�laws are furnished
          without the content which gives those laws any meaning�察�or else the laws and the content
          remain from first to last external to one another。 But if laws are purely formal�察�they cease
          to be i。e。 constitutive conditions of individuality。 Hence the attempt above described is
          sure to break down by its own futility。 What is wanted to give the laws meaning is the
          concrete substance of social life�此�and when this concrete substance is provided ipso facto
          the attempt of individuality to create laws disappears�察�for these laws are already found in
          operation in social life。 Only such laws have reality。 But this involves the further step that
          individuality is only realized�察�only finds its true universal content�察�in and with the order of a
          society。 Here alone is individuality what it is in truth�察�at once a particular focus of
          self´consciousness�察�and a realization of universal mind。 This condition where individuality
          is conscious of itself only in and with others�察�and conscious of the common life as its own��
          is the stage of spiritual existence。 Spiritual existence and social life thus go together。 The
          following section begins the analysis of this phase of experience�察�which extends from the
          simplest form of sociality ! the Family ! up to the highest experience of universal mind !
          Religion。

          The immediately succeeding section may be taken as the keystone of the whole arch of
          experience traversed in the Phenomenology。 Here it is pointed out that all the preceding
          phases of experience have not merely been preparing the way f or what is to follow�察�but
          that the various aspects�察�hitherto treated as separate moments of experience�察�are in
          reality abstractions from the life of concrete spirit now to be discussed and analysed。

          It is noteworthy that from this point onwards the argument is less negative in its result
          either directly or indirectly�察�and is more systematic and constructive。 This is no doubt
          largely because hitherto individual mind as such has been under review�察�and this is an
          abstraction from social mind or spiritual existence。

          A。 Objective Spirit�此�the ethical order

               a。 The ethical world�此�law divine and human�此�man and woman

          Translator's comments�此�The first step in the analysis of spirit is to take spirit as a realized
          actual social order�察�immediately given as a historical fact�察�and present directly to the
          mincls of the individuals composing it。 This is social life as an established routine of
          human adjustments�察�where the natural characteristics and constitution of its moral
          individuals are absorbed and built into the single substance of the living social whole。 It is
          spirit as an objectively embodied whole of essentially spiritual individuals�察�without any
          consciousness of opposition to one another or to the whole�察�and with an absolute
          unbroken sense of their own security and fulfilment within the substance of social mind。 It
          is spirit at the level of naive acquiescence in the law and order of conventional life。

          But such a self´complete type of experience has various levels of realization。 It cannot
          exist except through the union of opposing elements�察�and the central principle of all
          experience�察�self´consciousness�察�which assumes here such a concrete form�察�has abundant
          material on which to exercise its function of creating and uniting distinctions。 The first level
          is deternlined by the fact that the substance of social life is constituted out of the
          quasi´natural phenomena of human genus and species�察�of race and nationality�察�on the
          one hand�察�and the purely natural element of specialized individual sex on the other。
          These two aspects go together�察�the sex´relations of individuals maintain race and
          nationality�察�the nation lives in and through its sexually distinct individuals。 The social order
          as an rder is realized and maintained in the medium of these elements。 The fact that this
          order is an order of universal mind gives it a permanence�察�an inviolability�察�an
          absoluteness�察�which are inseparable from it�察�so inseparable that the order is looked on as
          having its roots in the Absolute Mind�察�and as deriving its authority from it。 The social order
          on this aspect consists of a divinely established and divinely sanctioned r└gime�察�the gods
          are the guardians of the city�察�of the hearth and the home。 On the other hand the
          expression of this order varies�察�and is enunciated from time to time in the history of a
          community。 The order in this sense is made by man�察�the law of the social order thus
          becomes a human law�察�determined by human conditions and human ends�察�it is a round of
          conventions and customs。 These two forms of order are inseparable in the life of a
          community�察�and they subsist together and side beside at this level of social
          consciousness。 They may lead to conflict in the life of the individual in the community�察�and
          have to be reconciled by force or otherwise�察�and they become associated and connected
          with the fundamental differences of individuality above referred to。

          The analysis of this level of social life constituted as above furnishes the argument of the
          following section。 With Hegel's treatment of the relationships holding between Husband
          and Wife�察�Parents and Children�察�Brothers and Sisters should be read Aristotle's discussion
          of social fellowship in Eth。 Nicom。 Bks。 VIII�察�IX。

                    1。 Nation and Family
                         ��a�� Human Law
                         ��b�� Divine Law
                         ��c�� The claims of the Individual

                    2。 The Process involved in these Two Laws
                         ��a�� Government as Positive Power�察�War as Negative
                         ��b�� Man & Woman as Brother & Sister
                         ��c�� The Interfusion of these Two Laws

                    3。 Ethical World as Infinitude or Self´complete Totality

               b。 Ethical action�此�knowledge human and Divine�此�Guilt and Destiny

          Translator's comments�此�A fundamental condition of social order is that it is maintained by
          action on the part of the individual members of a society�察�action is a fundamental principle
          of distinction between individuals�察�is the way they make their contribution to social life�察�and
          is also the way by which the continuance of social life is ceaselessly broken and
          reconstituted。 In a comprehensive sense therefore action is the principle by which
          distinction in unity is carried out in social life。 The consideration of its significance is thus
          an essential problem of social mind。 Action must be considered at once with reference to
          individuality and also with reference to those conceptions of social order as containing both
          ;divine; and ;human; law。 In the following section�察�this analysis is undertaken。

          The specific historical background of Hegel's thought in this section�察�and to some extent in
          the preceding section�察�is supplied by the social life of the Greek city state。 The Greek city
          state has been taken as the type�察�so to say�察�of spiritual existence realized as a
          self´complete ethical order。 But the social life of Greece is here in large measure read and
          interpreted in the light of the dramatization of Greek ethical conceptions by the great
          Greek tragedians�察�especially Sophocles。 This accounts for the repeated reference to the
          purely dramatic conception of the ;destiny; or the ;pathic; element in the life of the
          individual whose spiritual existence is completely bound up with the established social
          order。 It is in Greece that we find most fully realized the all´sufficiency of the state for the
          individual�察�which Hegel has here in view�察�a sufficiency which was at once the strength and
          beauty�察�as well as the pathos and weakness�察�of Greek social life。

          With this and the preceding section should be read Hegel's Philosophy of History�察�Part II��
          ;The Greek World;

                    ��1�� Contradiction of Individuality with its Essence
                    ��2�� Opposite Characteristics of Ethical Action
                    ��3�� Dissolution of the Ethical Being

          c。 Legal status

          Translator's comments�此�A further step in the realization of the principle of coherent sociality
          is reached when the individual is invested with the universality of the social order by
          definite enactments of the controlling agency of the social whole。 His contingency as an
          individual is removed by his being expressly treated as a focal unity of the whole order��
          whose very existence is staked on maintaining him as a emit with a universal significance��
          and which stands or falls by maintaining him in this condition。 The universal order is in this
          case no longer merely implicit�察�merely a matter of routine and custom�察�it is openly and
          objectively expressed in and through each individual component of society。 The form this
          takes is the differentiation of the social substance into a totality of ;persons;�察�each and all
          invested with express universal�察�or legally acknowledged�察�significance。 This is the sphere of
          legal personality�察�or of individuality constituted by a system of Rights。 It is a supreme
          achievement of social existence�察�and the highest attainment of coherent social experience。
          Hence the present section。

          This is a condition or stage in every developed community。 But the specific historical
          material for this section is derived from the law ! constituted social order of the Roman
          Empire�察�especially the Empire under the Antonines。 Here�察�whether by coincidence or
          otherwise�察�the culmination of imperial rule and the ;golden age; of law synchronized。 The
          triumph of Roman imperial government and the perfecting of the system of Roman
          jurisprudence were accomplished during the same period of time�察�about A。D。 131´235。
          There is every reason to suppose that the two necessarily arose and fell together�察�and that
          the decline and disappearance of the Roman law´constituted state should thus prepare the
          way for a further achievement of the social spirit of h

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