phenomenology of mind-第117章

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The　hero；　who　appears　bef　ore　the　onlookers；　breaks　up　into　his　mask　and　the　actor；　into　the
person　of　the　play　and　the　actual　self。

The　self…consciousness　of　the　heroes　must　step　forth　from　its　mask　and　be　represented　as　knowing
itself　to　be　the　fate　both　of　the　gods　of　the　chorus　and　of　the　absolute　powers　themselves；　and　as
being　no　longer　separated　from　the　chorus；　the　universal　consciousness。

Comedy　has；　then；　first　of　all；　the　aspect　that　actual　self…consciousness　represents　itself　as　the　fate
of　the　gods。　These　elemental　Beings　are；　qua　universal　moments；　no　definite　self；　and　are　not
actual。　They　are；　indeed；　endowed　with　the　form　of　individuality；　but　this　is　in　their　case　merely　put
on；　and　does　not　really　and　truly　belong　to　them。　The　actual　self　has　no　such　abstract　moment　as
its　substance　and　content。　The　subject；　therefore；　is　raised　above　such　a　moment；　as　it　would　be
above　a　particular　quality；　and　when　clothed　with　this　mask　gives　utterance　to　the　irony　of　such　a
property　trying　to　be　something　on　its　own　account。　The　pretentious　claims　of　the　universal
abstract　nature　are　shown　up　and　discovered　in　the　actual　self；　it　is　seen　to　be　caught　and　held　in　a
concrete　reality；　and　lets　the　mask　drop；　just　when　it　wants　to　be　something　genuine。　The　self；
appearing　here　in　its　significance　as　something　actual；　plays　with　the　mask　which　it　once　puts　on；　in
order　to　be　its　own　person；　but　it　breaks　away　from　this　seeming　and　pretence　just　as　quickly
again；　and　comes　out　in　its　own　nakedness　and　commonness；　which　it　shows　not　to　be　distinct
from　the　proper　self；　the　actor；　nor　again　from　the　onlooker。

This　general　dissolution；　which　the　formally　embodied　essential　nature　as　a　whole　undergoes　when
it　assumes　individuality；　becomes　in　its　content　more　serious；　and　hence　more　petulant　and　bitter；
in　so　far　as　the　content　possesses　its　more　serious　and　necessary　meaning。　The　divine　substance
combines　the　meaning　of　natural　and　ethical　essentiality。

As　regards　the　natural　element；　actual　self…consciousness　shows　in　the　very　fact　of　applying
elements　of　nature　for　its　adornment；　for　its　abode　and　so　on；　and　again　in　feasting　on　its　own
offering；　that　itself　is　the　Fate　to　which　the　secret　is　betrayed；　no　matter　what　may　be　the　truth　as
regards　the　independent　substantialitv　of　nature。　In　the　mystery　of　the　bread　and　wine　it　makes　its
very　owm　this　self…subsistence　of　nature　together　with　the　significance　of　the　inner　reality；　and　in
Comedy　it　is　conscious　of　the　irony　lurking　in　this　meaning。

So　far；　again；　as　this　meaning　contains　the　essence　of　ethical　reality；　it　is　partly　the　nation　in　its　two
aspects　of　the　state；　or　Demos　proper；　and　individual　family　life；　partly；　however；　it　is
self…conscious　pure　knowledge；　or　rational　thought　of　the　universal。　Demos；　the　general　mass；
which　knows　itself　as　master　and　governor；　and　is　also　aware　of　being　the　insight　and　intelligence
which　demand　respect；　exerts　compulsion　and　is　befooled　through　the　particularity　of　its　actual　life；
and　exhibits　the　ludicrous　contrast　between　its　own　opinion　of　itself　and　its　immediate　existence；
between　its　necessity　and　contingency；　its　universality　and　its　vulgarity。　If　the　principle　of　its
individual　existence；　cut　off　from　the　universal；　breaks　out　in　the　proper　figure　of　an　actual　man　and
openly　usurps　and　administers　the　commonwealth；　to　which　it　is　a　secret　harm　and　detriment；　then
there　is　more　immediately　disclosed　the　contrast　between　the　universal　in　the　sense　of　a　theory；
and　that　with　which　practice　is　concerned；　there　stand　exposed　the　entire　emancipation　of　the　ends
and　aims　of　the　mere　individual　from　the　universal　order；　and　the　scorn　the　mere　individual　shows
for　such　order。（10）

Rational　thinking　removes　contingency　of　form　and　shape　from　the　divine　Being；　and；　in　opposition
to　the　uncritical　wisdom　of　the　chorus　—　a　wisdom；　giving　utterance　to　all　sorts　of　ethical　maxims
and　stamping　with　validity　and　authority　a　multitude　of　laws　and　specific　conceptions　of　duty　and
of　right　—　rational　thought　lifts　these　into　the　simple　Ideas　of　the　Beautiful　and　the　Good。　The
process　of　this　abstraction　is　the　consciousness　of　the　dialectic　involved　in　these　maxims　and　laws
themselves；　and　hence　the　consciousness　of　the　disappearance　of　that　absolute　validity　with　which
they　previously　appeared。　Since　the　contingent　character　and　superficial　individuality　which
imagination　lent　to　the　divine　Beings；　vanish；　they　are　left；　as　regards　their　natural　aspect；　with
merely　the　nakedness　of　their　immediate　existence；　they　are　Clouds；（11）　a　passing　vapour；　like
those　imaginative　ideas。　Having　passed　in　accordance　with　their　essential　character；　as　deterned
by　thought；　into　the　simple　thoughts　of　the　Beautiful　and　the　Good；　these　latter　submit　to　being
filled　with　every　kind　of　content。　The　force　of　dialectic　knowledge（12）　puts　determinate　laws　and
maxims　of　action　at　the　mercy　of　the　pleasure　and　levity　of　youth；　led　astray　therewith；　and　gives
weapons　of　deception　into　the　hands　of　solicitous　and　apprehensive　old　age；　restricted　in　its
interests　to　the　individual　details　of　life。　The　pure　thoughts　of　the　Beautiful　and　the　Good　thus
display　a　comic　spectacle：　—　through　their　being　set　free　from　the　opinion；　which　contains　both
their　determinateness　in　the　sense　of　content　and　also　their　absolute　determinateness；　the　firm　hold
of　consciousness　upon　them；　they　become　empty；　and；　on　that　very　account；　the　sport　of　the
private　opinion　and　caprice　of　any　chance　individuality。

Here；　then；　the　Fate；　formerly　without　consciousness；　consisting　in　empty　rest　and　forgetfulness；
and　separated　from　self…consciousness；　is　united　with　self…consciousness。　The　individual（13）　self　is
the　negative　force　through　which　and　in　which　the　gods；　as　also　their　moments；　（nature　as　existent
fact　and　the　thoughts　of　their　determinate　characters）；　pass　away　and　disappear。　At　the　same　time；
the　individual　self　is　not　the　mere　vacuity　of　disappearance；　but　preserves　itself　in　this　very
nothingness；　holds　to　itself　and　is　the　sole　and　only　reality。　The　religion　of　art　is　fulfilled　and
consummated　in　it；　and　is　come　full　circle。　Through　the　fact　that　it　is　the　individual　consciousness　in
its　certainty　of　self　which　manifests　itself　as　this　absolute　power；　this　latter　has　lost　the　form　of
something　ideally　presented　（vorgestellt）；　separated　from　and　alien　to　consciousness　in　general　—
as　were　the　statue　and　also　the　living　embodiment　of　beauty　or　the　content　of　the　Epic　and　the
powers　and　persons　of　Tragedy。　Nor　again　is　the　unity　the　unconscious　unity　of　the　cult　and　the
mysteries；　rather　the　self　proper　of　the　actor　coincides　with　the　part　he　impersonates；　just　as　the
onlooker　is　perfectly　at　home　in　what　is　represented　before　him；　and　sees　himself　playing　in　the
drama　before　him。　What　this　self…consciousness　beholds；　is　that　whatever　assumes　the　form　of
essentiality　as　against　self…consciousness；　is　instead　dissolved　within　it　—　within　its　thought；　its
existence　and　action；　—　and　is　quite　at　its　mercy。　It　is　the　return　of　everything　universal　into
certainty　of　self；　a　certainty　which；　in　consequence；　is　this　complete　loss　of　fear　of　everything
strange　and　alien；　and　complete　loss　of　substantial　reality　on　the　part　of　what　is　alien　and　external。
Such　certainty　is　a　state　of　spiritual　good　health　and　of　self…abandonment　thereto；　on　the　part　of
consciousness；　in　a　way　that；　outside　this　kind　of　comedy；　is　not　to　be　found　anywhere。（14）



　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　



1。　v。　sup。；　A。；　b。　

2。　A　〃drama〃。　

3。　The　Epic　exorcises　the　dead　past；　v。　Odyssey；　XI。　

4。　Oedipus。　

5。　Orestos。　

6。　In　the　Delphic　Oracle。　

7。　The　witches　in　〃Macbeth〃。　

8。　Macbeth。　

9。　Hamlet。　

10。　Cp。　Cleon　in　Aristophanes；　Knights。　

11。　Cp。　Aristophanes；　Clouds。　

12。　Cp。　the　arguments　in　the　Clouds。　

13。　In　comedy。　

14。　Cp。　Hegel's　Aesthetik；　W　W。；　X。；　3；　560。　




C
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Revealed　Religion　（1）

THROUGH　the　Religion　of　Art　spirit　has　passed　from　the　form　of　substance　into　that　of　Subject；
for　art　brings　out　its　shape　and　form；　and　imbues　it　with　the　nature　of　action；　or　establishes　in　it　the
self…consciousness　which　merely　disappears　in　the　awesome　substance　and　in　the　attitude　of
simple　trust　does　not　itself　comprehend　itself。　This　incarnation　in　human　form　of　the　Divine　Being
begins　with　the　statue；　which　has　in　it　only　the　outward　shape　of　the　self；　while　the　inner　life
thereof；　its　activity；　falls　outside　it。　In　the　case　of　the　cult；　however；　both　aspects　have　become
one；　in　the　outcome　of　the　religion　of　art　this　unity；　in　being　completely　attained；　has　at　the　same
time　also　passed　over　to　the　extreme　of　self；　in　the　spirit；　which　is　perfectly　certain　of　itself　in　the
individual　existence　of　consciousness；　all　essential　content　is　swallowed　up　and　submerged。　The
proposition；　which　gives　this　light…hearted　folly　expression；　runs　thus：　〃The　Self　is　Absolute　Being。〃
The　Being　which　was　substance；　and　in　which　the　self　was　the　accidental　element；　has　dropped　to
the　level　of　a　predicate；　and　in　this　self…consciousness；　over　against　which　nothing　appears　in　the
form　of　objective　Being；　spirit　has　lost　its　aspect　of　consciousness。（2）

　　　　　　　（1）。　The　Presuppositions　requisite　for　the　notion　of　Revealed　Religion

This　proposition；　〃The　Self　is　Absolute　Being〃；　belongs；　as　is　evident　on　the　face　of　it；　to　the
non…religious；　the　concrete　actual　spirit；　and　we　have　to　recall　what　form　of　spirit　it　is　which　gives
expression　to　it。　This　form　will　contain　at　once　the　movement　of　that　proposition　and　its
conversion；　which　lowers　the　self　to　a　predicate　and　raises　substance　into　subject。　This　we　must
understand　to　take　place　in　such　a　way　that　the　converse　statement　does　not　per　se；　or　for　us；
make　substance　into　subject；　or；　what　is　the　same　thing；　does　not　reinstate　substance　again　so　that
the　consciousness　of　spirit　is　carried　back　to　its　commencement　in　natural　religion；　but　rather　in
such　a　way　that　this　conversion　is　brought　about　for　and　through　self…consciousness　itself。　Since
this　latter　consciously　gives　itself　up；　it　is　preserved　and　maintained　in　thus　relinquishing　itself；　and
remains　the　subject　of　the　substance；　but　as　being　likewise　self…relinquished；　it　has　at　the　same
time　the　consciousness　of　this　substance。　In　other　words；　since；　by　thus　offering　itself　up；　it
produces　substance　as　subject；　this　subject　remains　its　own　very　self。　If；　then；　taking　the　two
propositions；　in　the　first　the　subject　merely　disappears　in　substantiality；　and　in　the　second　the
substance　is　merely　a　predicate；　and　both　sides　are　thus　present　in　each　with　contrary　inequality　of
value　—　the　result　hereby　effected　is　that　the　union　and　transfusion　of　both　natures　＇subject　and
substance＇　become　apparent。　In　this　union　both；　with　equal　value　and　worth；　are　at　once　essential
and　also　merely　moments。　Hence　it　is　that　spirit　is　equally　consciousness　of　itself　as　its　objective
substance；　as　well　as　simple　self…contained　self…consciousness。

The　religion　of　art　belongs　to　the　spirit　animating　the　ethical　sphere；　the　spirit　which　we　formerly
saw　sink　and　disapp