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theologico-political treatise p2(舞僥嚥屓嵶廨籾冩梢2)-及9嫗


梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




books of Scripture�察�namely�察�that they are no longer extant in their original 

language。      ��133��    The    Gospel     according     to   Matthew�察    �and    certainly    the 

Epistle to the Hebrews�察�were written�察�it is thought�察�in Hebrew�察�though they 

no longer exist in that form。 ��134�� Aben Ezra affirms in his commentaries 

that the book of Job was translated into Hebrew out of another language�察�

and   that   its   obscurity   arises   from   this   fact。   ��135��   I   say   nothing   of   the 

apocryphal books�察�for their authority stands on very inferior ground。 

     ��136��     The     foregoing      difficulties    in   this   method      of   interpreting 

Scripture   from   its   own   history�察  �I   conceive   to   be   so   great   that   I   do   not 

hesitate     to  say   that  the   true   meaning      of  Scripture     is  in  many     places 

inexplicable�察�or at best mere subject for guesswork�察�but I must again point 

out�察�on the other hand�察�that such difficulties only arise when we endeavour 

to follow the meaning of a prophet in matters which cannot be perceived�察�

but   only   imagined�察  �not   in   things�察  �whereof   the   understanding   can   give   a 

clear idea�察  �and   which   are   conceivable   through themselves�今察  。�Endnote   8�В察�

matters which by their nature are easily perceived cannot be expressed so 

obscurely as to be unintelligible�察�as the proverb says�察 �a word is enough to 

the wise。; ��137�� Euclid�察�who only wrote of matters very simple and easily 

understood�察�can easily be comprehended by anyone in any language�察�we 

can   follow   his   intention   perfectly�撮察  �and   be   certain   of   his   true   meaning�察�

without having a thorough knowledge of the language in which he wrote�察�

in   fact�察  �a   quite   rudimentary   acquaintance   is   sufficient。   ��138��   We   need 

make no researches concerning the life�察�the pursuits�察�or the habits of the 

author�察�nor need we inquire in what language�察�nor when he wrote�察�nor the 

vicissitudes of his book�察�nor its various readings�察�nor how�察�nor by whose 



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advice it has been received。 

     ��139�� What we here say of Euclid might equally be said of any book 

which treats of  things by their nature perceptible�此�thus   we conclude that 

we can   easily  follow  the  intention of  Scripture  in   moral   questions�察 �from 

the history we possess of it�察�and we can be sure of its true meaning。 

     ��140��     The    precepts    of   true   piety   are   expressed     in   very   ordinary 

language�察�and are equally simple and easily understood。 ��141�� Further�察�as 

true salvation and blessedness consist in a true assent of the soul ´ and we 

truly assent only to what we clearly understand ´ it is most plain that we 

can follow with certainty the intention of Scripture in matters relating to 

salvation   and   necessary   to   blessedness�察  �therefore�察  �we   need   not   be   much 

troubled   about   what   remains�此  �such         matters�察  �inasmuch   as   we   generally 

cannot   grasp   them  with   our   reason   and   understanding�察  �are   more   curious 

than profitable。 

     ��142��     I  think   I  have   now    set   forth  the   true   method     of  Scriptural 

interpretation�察  �and   have   sufficiently   explained   my   own   opinion   thereon。 

��143�� Besides�察�I do not doubt that everyone will see that such a method 

only requires the aid of natural reason。 ��144�� The nature and efficacy of 

the natural reason consists in deducing and proving the unknown from the 

known�察�or in carrying premises to their legitimate conclusions�察�and these 

are   the   very   processes   which   our   method   desiderates。   ��145��   Though   we 

must admit that it does not suffice to explain everything in the Bible�察�such 

imperfection does not spring from its own nature�察�but from the fact that the 

path which it teaches us�察�as the true one�察�has never been tended or trodden 

by   men�察  �and   has   thus�察  �by   the   lapse   of   time�察  �become   very   difficult�察  �and 

almost   impassable�察  �as�察  �indeed�察  �I   have   shown   in   the   difficulties   I   draw 

attention to。 

     ��146�� There only remains to examine the opinions of those who differ 

from me。 ��147�� The first which comes under our notice is�察�that the light of 

nature has no power to interpret Scripture�察�but that a supernatural faculty 

is required for the task。 ��148�� What is meant by this supernatural faculty I 

will   leave    to   its  propounders   to    explain。   ��149��     Personally�察  �I   can   only 

suppose      that   they   have    adopted     a  very   obscure     way    of   stating   their 

complete uncertainty about the true meaning of Scripture。 ��150�� If we look 



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at their interpretations�察�they contain nothing supernatural�察�at least nothing 

but the merest conjectures。 

     ��151�� Let them be placed side by side with the interpretations of those 

who frankly confess that they have no faculty beyond their natural ones�察�

we shall see that the two are just alike ´ both human�察�both long pondered 

over�察  �both   laboriously   invented。   ��152��   To   say   that   the   natural   reason   is 

insufficient for such results is plainly untrue�察�firstly�察�for the reasons above 

stated�察�namely�察�that the difficulty of interpreting Scripture arises from no 

defect   in   human   reason�察  �but   simply   from   the   carelessness   ��not   to   say 

malice�� of   men who   neglected the   history of   the Bible   while there   were 

still materials for inquiry�察�secondly�察�from the fact ��admitted�察�I think�察�by all�� 

that the supernatural faculty is a Divine gift granted only to the faithful。 

��153�� But the prophets and apostles did not preach to the faithful only�察�but 

chiefly to the unfaithful and wicked。 ��154�� Such persons�察�therefore�察�were 

able to understand the intention of the prophets and apostles�察�otherwise the 

prophets   and   apostles   would   have   seemed   to   be   preaching   to   little   boys 

and   infants�察  �not   to   men   endowed   with   reason。   ��155��   Moses�察  �too�察  �would 

have given his laws in vain�察�if they could only be comprehended by the 

faithful�察�who need no law。 ��156�� Indeed�察�those who demand supernatural 

faculties   for   comprehending   the   meaning   of   the   prophets   and   apostles 

seem truly lacking in natural faculties�察�so that we should hardly suppose 

such persons the possessors of a Divine supernatural gift。 

     ��157��     The   opinion    of   Maimonides       was    widely   different。     ��158��   He 

asserted   that   each   passage   in   Scripture   admits   of   various�察  �nay�察  �contrary�察�

meanings�察�but that we could never be certain of any particular one till we 

knew that the passage�察�as we interpreted it�察�contained nothing contrary or 

repugnant   to      reason。   ��159��   If   the   literal   meaning   clashes   with     reason�察�

though the passage seems in itself perfectly clear�察�it must be interpreted in 

some metaphorical sense。 ��160�� This doctrine he lays down very plainly in 

chap。 xxv。 part ii。 of his book�察 �More Nebuchim�察─�for he says�此 �Know that 

we   shrink   not   from   affirming   that   the   world   hath   existed   from   eternity�察�

because of what Scripture saith concerning the world's creation。 ��161�� For 

the texts which teach that the world was created are not more in number 

than those which teach that God hath a body�察�neither are the approaches in 



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this matter of the world's creation closed�察�or even made hard to us�此�so that 

we   should   not   be   able   to   explain   what   is   written�察  �as   we   did   when   we 

showed that God hath no body�察�nay�察�peradventure�察�we could explain and 

make   fast   the   doctrine   of   the   world's   eternity   more   easily   than   we   did 

away   with   the   doctrines   that   God   hath   a   beatified   body。   ��162��   Yet   two 

things hinder me from doing as I have said�察�and believing that the world is 

eternal。 ��163�� As it hath been clearly shown that God hath not a body�察�we 

must perforce explain all those passages whereof the literal sense agreeth 

not   with   the   demonstration�察  �for   sure   it   is   that   they   can   be   so   explained。 

��164��     But    the  eternity    of   the   world    hath    not   been    so   demonstrated�察�

therefore it is not necessary to do violence to Scripture in support of some 

common opinion�察�whereof we might�察�at the bidding of reason�察�embrace the 

contrary。; 

     ��165��     Such    are   the  words     of   Maimonides�察      �and    they   are   evidently 

sufficient to establish   our point�此  �for   if he   had been convinced   by  reason 

that the world is eternal�察�he would not have hesitated to twist and explain 

away      the  words     of   Scripture    till  he   made     them    appear    to   teach   this 

doctrine。     ��166��    He    would     have    felt  quite   sure    that  Scripture�察    �though 

everywhere   plainly   denying   the   eternity   of   the   world�察  �really   intends   to 

teach it。 ��167�� So that�察�however clear the meaning of Scripture may be�察�he 

would      not   feel  certain    of  having     grasped     it�察 �so  long   as   he   remained 

doubtful   of   the   truth   of   what�察  �was   written。   ��168��   For   we   are   in   doubt 

whether a thing is in conformity with reason�察�or contrary thereto�察�so long 

as   we   are   uncertain   of   its   truth�察  �and�察  �consequently�察  �we   cannot   be   sure 

whether the literal meaning of a passage be true or false。 

     ��169�� If such a theory as this were sound�察�I would certainly grant that 

some      faculty    beyond      the   natural    reason     is  required     for   interpreting 

Scripture。 ��170�� For nearly all things that we find in Scripture cannot be 

inferred   from  known   principles   of   the   natural   reason�察 �and�察 �therefore�察  �we 

should be unable to come to any conclusion about their truth�察�or about the 

real meaning and intention of Scripture�察�but should stand in need of some 

further assistance。 

     ��171�� Further�察�the truth of this theory would involve that the masses�察�

having   generally   no   comprehension   of�察  �nor   leisure   for�察  �detailed   proofs�察�



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would   be   reduced   to   receiving   all   their   knowledge   of   Scripture   on   the 

authority     and    testimony     of   philosophers�察     �and�察  �consequently�察     �would     be 

compelled to suppose that the i

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