theologico-political treatise p2(舞僥嚥屓嵶廨籾冩梢2)-及9嫗
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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
books of Scripture�察�namely�察�that they are no longer extant in their original
language。 ��133�� The Gospel according to Matthew�察 �and certainly the
Epistle to the Hebrews�察�were written�察�it is thought�察�in Hebrew�察�though they
no longer exist in that form。 ��134�� Aben Ezra affirms in his commentaries
that the book of Job was translated into Hebrew out of another language�察�
and that its obscurity arises from this fact。 ��135�� I say nothing of the
apocryphal books�察�for their authority stands on very inferior ground。
��136�� The foregoing difficulties in this method of interpreting
Scripture from its own history�察 �I conceive to be so great that I do not
hesitate to say that the true meaning of Scripture is in many places
inexplicable�察�or at best mere subject for guesswork�察�but I must again point
out�察�on the other hand�察�that such difficulties only arise when we endeavour
to follow the meaning of a prophet in matters which cannot be perceived�察�
but only imagined�察 �not in things�察 �whereof the understanding can give a
clear idea�察 �and which are conceivable through themselves�今察 。�Endnote 8�В察�
matters which by their nature are easily perceived cannot be expressed so
obscurely as to be unintelligible�察�as the proverb says�察 �a word is enough to
the wise。; ��137�� Euclid�察�who only wrote of matters very simple and easily
understood�察�can easily be comprehended by anyone in any language�察�we
can follow his intention perfectly�撮察 �and be certain of his true meaning�察�
without having a thorough knowledge of the language in which he wrote�察�
in fact�察 �a quite rudimentary acquaintance is sufficient。 ��138�� We need
make no researches concerning the life�察�the pursuits�察�or the habits of the
author�察�nor need we inquire in what language�察�nor when he wrote�察�nor the
vicissitudes of his book�察�nor its various readings�察�nor how�察�nor by whose
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advice it has been received。
��139�� What we here say of Euclid might equally be said of any book
which treats of things by their nature perceptible�此�thus we conclude that
we can easily follow the intention of Scripture in moral questions�察 �from
the history we possess of it�察�and we can be sure of its true meaning。
��140�� The precepts of true piety are expressed in very ordinary
language�察�and are equally simple and easily understood。 ��141�� Further�察�as
true salvation and blessedness consist in a true assent of the soul ´ and we
truly assent only to what we clearly understand ´ it is most plain that we
can follow with certainty the intention of Scripture in matters relating to
salvation and necessary to blessedness�察 �therefore�察 �we need not be much
troubled about what remains�此 �such matters�察 �inasmuch as we generally
cannot grasp them with our reason and understanding�察 �are more curious
than profitable。
��142�� I think I have now set forth the true method of Scriptural
interpretation�察 �and have sufficiently explained my own opinion thereon。
��143�� Besides�察�I do not doubt that everyone will see that such a method
only requires the aid of natural reason。 ��144�� The nature and efficacy of
the natural reason consists in deducing and proving the unknown from the
known�察�or in carrying premises to their legitimate conclusions�察�and these
are the very processes which our method desiderates。 ��145�� Though we
must admit that it does not suffice to explain everything in the Bible�察�such
imperfection does not spring from its own nature�察�but from the fact that the
path which it teaches us�察�as the true one�察�has never been tended or trodden
by men�察 �and has thus�察 �by the lapse of time�察 �become very difficult�察 �and
almost impassable�察 �as�察 �indeed�察 �I have shown in the difficulties I draw
attention to。
��146�� There only remains to examine the opinions of those who differ
from me。 ��147�� The first which comes under our notice is�察�that the light of
nature has no power to interpret Scripture�察�but that a supernatural faculty
is required for the task。 ��148�� What is meant by this supernatural faculty I
will leave to its propounders to explain。 ��149�� Personally�察 �I can only
suppose that they have adopted a very obscure way of stating their
complete uncertainty about the true meaning of Scripture。 ��150�� If we look
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at their interpretations�察�they contain nothing supernatural�察�at least nothing
but the merest conjectures。
��151�� Let them be placed side by side with the interpretations of those
who frankly confess that they have no faculty beyond their natural ones�察�
we shall see that the two are just alike ´ both human�察�both long pondered
over�察 �both laboriously invented。 ��152�� To say that the natural reason is
insufficient for such results is plainly untrue�察�firstly�察�for the reasons above
stated�察�namely�察�that the difficulty of interpreting Scripture arises from no
defect in human reason�察 �but simply from the carelessness ��not to say
malice�� of men who neglected the history of the Bible while there were
still materials for inquiry�察�secondly�察�from the fact ��admitted�察�I think�察�by all��
that the supernatural faculty is a Divine gift granted only to the faithful。
��153�� But the prophets and apostles did not preach to the faithful only�察�but
chiefly to the unfaithful and wicked。 ��154�� Such persons�察�therefore�察�were
able to understand the intention of the prophets and apostles�察�otherwise the
prophets and apostles would have seemed to be preaching to little boys
and infants�察 �not to men endowed with reason。 ��155�� Moses�察 �too�察 �would
have given his laws in vain�察�if they could only be comprehended by the
faithful�察�who need no law。 ��156�� Indeed�察�those who demand supernatural
faculties for comprehending the meaning of the prophets and apostles
seem truly lacking in natural faculties�察�so that we should hardly suppose
such persons the possessors of a Divine supernatural gift。
��157�� The opinion of Maimonides was widely different。 ��158�� He
asserted that each passage in Scripture admits of various�察 �nay�察 �contrary�察�
meanings�察�but that we could never be certain of any particular one till we
knew that the passage�察�as we interpreted it�察�contained nothing contrary or
repugnant to reason。 ��159�� If the literal meaning clashes with reason�察�
though the passage seems in itself perfectly clear�察�it must be interpreted in
some metaphorical sense。 ��160�� This doctrine he lays down very plainly in
chap。 xxv。 part ii。 of his book�察 �More Nebuchim�察─�for he says�此 �Know that
we shrink not from affirming that the world hath existed from eternity�察�
because of what Scripture saith concerning the world's creation。 ��161�� For
the texts which teach that the world was created are not more in number
than those which teach that God hath a body�察�neither are the approaches in
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this matter of the world's creation closed�察�or even made hard to us�此�so that
we should not be able to explain what is written�察 �as we did when we
showed that God hath no body�察�nay�察�peradventure�察�we could explain and
make fast the doctrine of the world's eternity more easily than we did
away with the doctrines that God hath a beatified body。 ��162�� Yet two
things hinder me from doing as I have said�察�and believing that the world is
eternal。 ��163�� As it hath been clearly shown that God hath not a body�察�we
must perforce explain all those passages whereof the literal sense agreeth
not with the demonstration�察 �for sure it is that they can be so explained。
��164�� But the eternity of the world hath not been so demonstrated�察�
therefore it is not necessary to do violence to Scripture in support of some
common opinion�察�whereof we might�察�at the bidding of reason�察�embrace the
contrary。;
��165�� Such are the words of Maimonides�察 �and they are evidently
sufficient to establish our point�此 �for if he had been convinced by reason
that the world is eternal�察�he would not have hesitated to twist and explain
away the words of Scripture till he made them appear to teach this
doctrine。 ��166�� He would have felt quite sure that Scripture�察 �though
everywhere plainly denying the eternity of the world�察 �really intends to
teach it。 ��167�� So that�察�however clear the meaning of Scripture may be�察�he
would not feel certain of having grasped it�察 �so long as he remained
doubtful of the truth of what�察 �was written。 ��168�� For we are in doubt
whether a thing is in conformity with reason�察�or contrary thereto�察�so long
as we are uncertain of its truth�察 �and�察 �consequently�察 �we cannot be sure
whether the literal meaning of a passage be true or false。
��169�� If such a theory as this were sound�察�I would certainly grant that
some faculty beyond the natural reason is required for interpreting
Scripture。 ��170�� For nearly all things that we find in Scripture cannot be
inferred from known principles of the natural reason�察 �and�察 �therefore�察 �we
should be unable to come to any conclusion about their truth�察�or about the
real meaning and intention of Scripture�察�but should stand in need of some
further assistance。
��171�� Further�察�the truth of this theory would involve that the masses�察�
having generally no comprehension of�察 �nor leisure for�察 �detailed proofs�察�
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would be reduced to receiving all their knowledge of Scripture on the
authority and testimony of philosophers�察 �and�察 �consequently�察 �would be
compelled to suppose that the i