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theologico-political treatise p2(舞僥嚥屓嵶廨籾冩梢2)-及8嫗


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a   sentence   by   the   uses   of   the   language�察  �and   there   are   many   phrases   of 

which the meaning is most obscure or altogether inexplicable�察�though the 

component words are perfectly plain。 

     ��93��    To    this  impossibility      of  tracing    the   history    of  the   Hebrew 

language must be added its particular nature and composition�此�these give 

rise to so many ambiguities that it is impossible to find a method which 

would   enable   us   to   gain   a   certain   knowledge   of   all   the   statements   in 

Scripture�察  。�Endnote   7�А�   ��94��   In      addition   to   the   sources   of   ambiguities 

common to all languages�察�there are many peculiar to Hebrew。 ��95�� These�察�I 

think�察�it worth while to mention。 

     ��96�� Firstly�察�an ambiguity often arises in the Bible from our mistaking 

one letter for another similar one。 ��97�� The Hebrews divide the letters of 

the alphabet into   five classes�察 �according to the   five organs   of the   month 

employed in pronouncing them�察�namely�察�the lips�察�the tongue�察�the teeth�察�the 

palate�察  �and   the   throat。   ��98��   For   instance�察  �Alpha�察  �Ghet�察  �Hgain�察  �He�察  �are 

called gutturals�察�and are barely distinguishable�察�by any sign that we know�察�

one   from   the   other。   ��99��   El�察  �which   signifies   to�察  �is   often   taken   for   hgal�察�

which   signifies   above�察  �and   vice   versa。   ��100��   Hence   sentences   are   often 



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rendered rather ambiguous or meaningless。 

     ��101��     A   second     difficulty   arises   from     the  multiplied     meaning      of 

conjunctions   and   adverbs。   ��102��   For   instance�察  �vau   serves   promiscuously 

for    a  particle   of  union    or   of  separation�察    �meaning�察    �and�察  �but�察  �because�察�

however�察      �then�此  �ki�察 �has   seven    or   eight   meanings�察     �namely�察    �wherefore�察�

although�察�if�察�when�察�inasmuch as�察�because�察�a burning�察�&c。�察�and so on with 

almost all particles。 

     ��103��   The   third   very   fertile   source   of   doubt   is   the   fact   that   Hebrew 

verbs   in   the   indicative   mood   lack   the   present�察  �the   past   imperfect�察  �the 

pluperfect�察�the future perfect�察�and other tenses most frequently employed 

in   other    languages�察    �in   the   imperative     and    infinitive   moods      they   are 

wanting in all except the present�察�and a subjunctive mood does not exist。 

��104��     Now�察   �although      all  these   defects    in  moods     and    tenses    may    be 

supplied by certain fundamental rules of the language with ease and even 

elegance�察�the ancient writers evidently neglected such rules altogether�察�and 

employed indifferently future for present and past�察�and vice versa past for 

future�察�and also indicative for imperative and subjunctive�察�with the result 

of considerable confusion。 

     ��105��   Besides   these   sources   of   ambiguity   there   are   two   others�察  �one 

very important。 ��106�� Firstly�察�there are in Hebrew no vowels�察�secondly�察�the 

sentences   are      not   separated    by   any   marks    elucidating   the     meaning     or 

separating the clauses。 ��107�� Though the want of these two has generally 

been supplied by points and accents�察�such substitutes cannot be accepted 

by us�察�inasmuch as they were invented and designed by men of an after 

age   whose   authority   should   carry   no   weight。   ��108��   The   ancients   wrote 

without   points   ��that   is�察  �without   vowels   and   accents���察  �as   is   abundantly 

testified�察  �their   descendants   added   what   was   lacking�察  �according   to   their 

own ideas of Scriptural interpretation�察�wherefore the existing accents and 

points   are   simply   current   interpretations�察  �and   are   no   more   authoritative 

than any other commentaries。 

     ��109�� Those who are ignorant of this fact cannot justify the author of 

the Epistle to the Hebrews for interpreting ��chap。 xi��21�� Genesis ��xlvii��31�� 

very differently from the version given in our Hebrew text as at present 

pointed�察�as though the Apostle had been obliged to learn the meaning of 



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Scripture from those who added the points。 ��110�� In my opinion the latter 

are clearly wrong。 ��111�� In order that everyone may judge for himself�察�and 

also see how the discrepancy arose simply from the want of vowels�察�I will 

give both interpretations。 ��112��Those who pointed our version read�察 �And 

Israel bent himself over�察�or ��changing Hqain into Aleph�察�a similar letter�� 

towards�察�the head of the bed。; ��113�� The author of the Epistle reads�察 �And 

Israel bent himself over the head of his staff�察─�substituting mate for mita�察�

from   which   it   only   differs   in   respect   of   vowels。   ��114��   Now   as   in   this 

narrative   it   is   Jacob's   age   only   that   is   in   question�察  �and   not   his   illness�察�

which is not touched on till the next chapter�察�it seems more likely that the 

historian intended to say that Jacob bent over the head of his staff ��a thing 

commonly  used   by   men   of   advanced   age   for   their   support��   than   that   he 

bowed himself at the head of his bed�察�especially as for the former reading 

no substitution of letters is required。 ��115�� In this example I have desired 

not only to reconcile the passage in the Epistle with the passage in Genesis�察�

but   also   and   chiefly  to   illustrate  how   little   trust   should   be   placed   in   the 

points and accents which are found in our present Bible�察�and so to prove 

that he who would be without bias in interpreting Scripture should hesitate 

about accepting them�察�and inquire afresh for himself。 ��116�� Such being the 

nature and structure of the Hebrew language�察�one may easily understand 

that many difficulties are likely to arise�察�and that no possible method could 

solve     all  of  them。    ��117��    It  is  useless   to  hope    for   a  way    out   of  our 

difficulties in the comparison of various parallel passages ��we have shown 

that   the   only   method   of   discovering   the   true   sense   of   a   passage   out   of 

many alternative ones is to see what are the usages of the language���察�for 

this comparison of parallel passages can only accidentally throw light on a 

difficult point�察�seeing that the prophets never wrote with the express object 

of explaining their own phrases or those of other people�察�and also because 

we cannot infer the meaning of one prophet or apostle by the meaning of 

another�察  �unless   on   a   purely   practical   question�察  �not   when   the   matter   is 

speculative�察  �or   if   a   miracle�察  �or   history   is   being   narrated。   ��118��   I   might 

illustrate my point with instances�察�for there are many inexplicable phrases 

in   Scripture�察  �but   I   would   rather   pass   on   to   consider   the   difficulties   and 

imperfections of the method under discussion。 



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     ��119��   A   further   difficulty   attends   the   method�察  �from   the   fact   that   it 

requires the history of all that has happened to every book in the  Bible�察�

such a history we are often quite unable to furnish。 ��120�� Of the authors�察�or 

��if the expression be preferred���察�the writers of many of the books�察�we are 

either in complete ignorance�察�or at any rate in doubt�察�as I will point out at 

length。 ��121�� Further�察�we do not know either the occasions or the epochs 

when these books of unknown authorship were written�察�we cannot say into 

what hands they fell�察�nor how the numerous varying versions originated�察�

nor�察�lastly�察�whether there were not other versions�察�now lost。 ��122�� I have 

briefly shown that such knowledge is necessary�察�but I passed over certain 

considerations which I will now draw attention to。 

     ��123��     If  we   read   a   book    which    contains     incredible    or   impossible 

narratives�察�or is written in a very obscure style�察�and if we know nothing of 

its author�察�nor of the time or occasion of its being written�察�we shall vainly 

endeavour  to gain   any  certain   knowledge  of its   true   meaning。  ��124��   For 

being   in   ignorance   on   these   points   we  cannot   possibly  know  the   aim  or 

intended   aim   of   the   author�察  �if   we   are   fully   informed�察  �we   so   order   our 

thoughts   as   not   to   be   in   any   way   prejudiced   either   in   ascribing   to   the 

author   or   him   for   whom   the   author   wrote   either   more   or   less   than   his 

meaning�察�and we only take into consideration what the author may have 

had in his mind�察�or what the time and occasion demanded。 ��125�� I think 

this must be tolerably evident to all。 

     ��126��   It   often   happens   that   in   different   books   we   read   histories   in 

themselves similar�察�but which we judge very differently�察�according to the 

opinions we have formed of the authors。 ��127�� I remember once to have 

read in some book that a man named Orlando Furioso used to drive a kind 

of   winged   monster   through   the   air�察  �fly   over   any   countries   he   liked�察  �kill 

unaided   vast   numbers   of   men   and   giants�察  �and   such   like   fancies�察  �which 

from   the   point   of   view   of   reason   are   obviously   absurd。   ��128��   A   very 

similar story I read in Ovid of Perseus�察�and also in the books of Judges and 

Kings of Samson�察�who alone and unarmed killed thousands of men�察�and of 

Elijah�察�who flew through the air�察�said at last went up to heaven in a chariot 

of fire�察�with horses of fire。 ��129�� All these stories are obviously alike�察�but 

we judge them very differently。 ��130�� The first only sought to amuse�察�the 



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second had a political object�察�the third a religious object。��131�� We gather 

this simply  from   the   opinions   we  had   previously  formed   of   the   authors。 

��132�� Thus it is evidently necessary to know something of the authors of 

writings   which   are   obscure   or   unintelligible�察  �if   we   would   interpret   their 

meaning�察�and for the same reason�察�in order to choose the proper reading 

from   among        a  great   variety�察  �we   ought    to   have   information      as   to  the 

versions   in   which   the  differences   are   found�察  �and   as   to   the   possibility   of 

other readings having been discovered by persons of greater authority。 

     ��133�� A further difficulty attends this method in the case of some of the 

books of Scripture�察�namely�察�that they are no longer extant in

卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��0�� 家��1��

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