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Rome�察  �they   could   not   effect   anything   against   him。   If   he   could   not   have 

made Pope him whom he wished�察�at least the one whom he did not wish 

would   not   have   been   elected。   But   if   he   had   been   in   sound   health   at   the 

death of Alexander�撮�*�А �everything would   have been different   to him。  On 

the   day   that   Julius   the   Second�В��А  �was   elected�察  �he   told   me   that   he   had 

thought of everything that might occur at the death of his father�察�and had 

provided a remedy for all�察�except that he had never anticipated that�察�when 

the death did happen�察�he himself would be on the point to die。 

     ��*�А�Alexander VI died of fever�察�18th August 1503。 

     �В��А  �Julius   II   was   Giuliano   della   Rovere�察  �Cardinal   of   San   Pietro   ad 

Vincula�察�born 1443�察�died 1513。 

     When all the actions of the duke are recalled�察�I do not know how to 

blame him�察�but rather it appears to be�察�as I have said�察�that I ought to offer 

him for imitation to all those who�察�by the fortune or the arms of others�察�are 

raised to   government。   Because   he�察  �having   a   lofty  spirit   and   far´reaching 

aims�察    �could   not   have    regulated    his   conduct     otherwise�察   �and    only   the 

shortness   of   the   life   of   Alexander   and   his   own   sickness   frustrated   his 

designs。 Therefore�察�he who considers it necessary to secure himself in his 

new principality�察�to win friends�察�to overcome either by force or fraud�察�to 

make     himself    beloved     and   feared    by  the   people�察   �to  be  followed     and 

revered by the soldiers�察�to exterminate those who have power or reason to 



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hurt   him�察  �to   change   the   old   order   of   things   for   new�察  �to   be   severe   and 

gracious�察�magnanimous and liberal�察�to   destroy a disloyal soldiery and   to 

create new�察�to maintain friendship with kings and princes in such a way 

that they must help him with zeal and offend with caution�察�cannot find a 

more lively example than the actions of this man。 

     Only can he be blamed for the election of Julius the Second�察�in whom 

he made a bad choice�察�because�察�as is said�察�not being able to elect a Pope to 

his own mind�察�he could have hindered any other from being elected Pope�察�

and he ought never to have consented to the election of any cardinal whom 

he had injured or who had cause to fear him if they became pontiffs。 For 

men     injure   either   from    fear  or   hatred。   Those     whom     he   had   injured�察�

amongst   others�察  �were   San   Pietro   ad Vincula�察  �Colonna�察  �San   Giorgio�察  �and 

Ascanio。��*�А�The rest�察�in becoming Pope�察�had to fear him�察�Rouen and the 

Spaniards excepted�察�the latter from their relationship and obligations�察�the 

former   from   his   influence�察  �the   kingdom   of   France   having   relations   with 

him。    Therefore�察    �above     everything�察   �the   duke    ought    to  have    created   a 

Spaniard Pope�察�and�察�failing him�察�he ought to have consented to Rouen and 

not San Pietro ad Vincula。 He who believes that new benefits will cause 

great   personages   to   forget   old   injuries   is   deceived。   Therefore�察  �the   duke 

erred in his choice�察�and it was the cause of his ultimate ruin。 

     ��*�А�San Giorgio is Raffaello Riario。 Ascanio is Ascanio Sforza。 



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                            CHAPTER VIII 



             CONCERNING THOSE WHO HAVE OBTAINED A 

                      PRINCIPALITY BY WICKEDNESS 

     Although a prince may rise from a private station in two ways�察�neither 

of which can be entirely attributed to fortune or genius�察�yet it is manifest 

to   me   that   I   must   not   be   silent   on   them�察  �although   one   could   be   more 

copiously     treated   when    I  discuss   republics。    These    methods    are   when�察�

either by some wicked or nefarious ways�察�one ascends to the principality�察�

or when by the favour of his fellow´citizens a private person becomes the 

prince    of   his  country。    And    speaking    of  the   first  method�察   �it  will  be 

illustrated by two examplesone ancient�察�the other modernand   without 

entering further into the subject�察�I consider these two examples will suffice 

those who may be compelled to follow them。 

     Agathocles�察�the Sicilian�撮�*�А�became King of Syracuse not only from a 

private but from a low and abject position。 This man�察�the son of a potter�察�

through     all  the  changes     in  his  fortunes   always    led   an  infamous     life。 

Nevertheless�察�he accompanied his infamies with so much ability of mind 

and body that�察�having devoted himself to the military profession�察�he rose 

through   its   ranks   to   be   Praetor   of   Syracuse。   Being   established   in   that 

position�察�and having deliberately resolved to make himself prince and to 

seize    by   violence�察  �without    obligation    to  others�察  �that  which    had   been 

conceded to him by assent�察�he came to an understanding for this purpose 

with Amilcar�察�the Carthaginian�察�who�察�with his army�察�was fighting in Sicily。 

One morning he assembled the people and the senate of Syracuse�察�as if he 

had to   discuss   with   them  things   relating to the  Republic�察 �and   at   a  given 

signal   the   soldiers   killed   all   the   senators   and   the   richest   of   the   people�察�

these dead�察�he seized and held the princedom of that city without any civil 

commotion。 And although he was twice routed by the Carthaginians�察�and 

ultimately   besieged�察     �yet  not  only   was    he  able   to  defend   his  city�察 �but 

leaving part of his men for its defence�察�with the others he attacked Africa�察�

and    in  a  short   time   raised   the  siege   of  Syracuse。    The   Carthaginians�察�

reduced     to  extreme    necessity�察   �were   compelled     to  come    to  terms   with 

Agathocles�察     �and�察  �leaving    Sicily   to  him�察  �had   to   be  content    with   the 



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possession of Africa。 

     ��*�А�Agathocles the Sicilian�察�born 361 B。C。�察�died 289 B。C。 

     Therefore�察  �he   who   considers   the   actions   and   the   genius   of   this   man 

will see nothing�察�or little�察�which can be attributed to fortune�察�inasmuch as 

he attained pre´eminence�察�as is shown above�察�not by the favour of any one�察�

but step by step in the military profession�察�which steps were gained with a 

thousand troubles and perils�察�and were afterwards boldly held by him with 

many   hazardous   dangers。   Yet   it   cannot   be   called   talent   to   slay   fellow´ 

citizens�察  �to   deceive   friends�察  �to   be   without   faith�察  �without   mercy�察  �without 

religion�察�such methods may gain empire�察�but not glory。 Still�察�if the courage 

of   Agathocles   in   entering   into   and   extricating   himself   from   dangers   be 

considered�察      �together     with    his   greatness      of   mind     in   enduring     and 

overcoming hardships�察�it cannot be seen why he should be esteemed less 

than   the   most   notable   captain。   Nevertheless�察  �his   barbarous   cruelty   and 

inhumanity  with   infinite   wickedness   do   not   permit   him  to   be   celebrated 

among   the   most   excellent   men。   What   he   achieved   cannot   be   attributed 

either to fortune or genius。 

     In   our   times�察  �during   the   rule   of   Alexander   the   Sixth�察  �Oliverotto   da 

Fermo�察�having been left an orphan many years before�察�was brought up by 

his maternal uncle�察�Giovanni Fogliani�察�and in the early days of his youth 

sent to fight under Pagolo Vitelli�察�that�察�being trained under his discipline�察�

he might attain some high position in the military profession。 After Pagolo 

died�察  �he   fought   under   his   brother   Vitellozzo�察  �and   in   a   very   short   time�察�

being   endowed   with   wit   and   a   vigorous   body   and   mind�察  �he   became   the 

first man in his profession。 But it appearing a paltry thing to serve under 

others�察�he resolved�察�with the aid of some citizens of Fermo�察�to whom the 

slavery of their country was dearer than its liberty�察�and with the help of the 

Vitelleschi�察�to seize Fermo。 So he wrote to Giovanni Fogliani that�察�having 

been away from home for many years�察�he wished to visit him and his city�察�

and in some measure to look upon his patrimony�察�and although he had not 

laboured to acquire anything except honour�察�yet�察�in order that the citizens 

should      see   he   had   not   spent    his  time    in  vain�察   �he   desired    to  come 

honourably�察      �so  would     be   accompanied       by   one   hundred     horsemen�察     �his 

friends and retainers�察�and he entreated Giovanni to arrange that he should 



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be received honourably by the Fermians�察�all of which would be not only to 

his honour�察�but also to that of Giovanni himself�察�who had brought him up。 

     Giovanni�察�therefore�察�did not fail in any attentions due to his nephew�察�

and   he   caused   him   to   be   honourably   received   by   the   Fermians�察  �and   he 

lodged him in his own house�察�where�察�having passed some days�察�and having 

arranged   what   was   necessary   for   his   wicked   designs�察  �Oliverotto   gave   a 

solemn banquet to which he invited Giovanni Fogliani and the chiefs of 

Fermo。 When the viands and all the other entertainments that are usual in 

such     banquets     were    finished�察  �Oliverotto     artfully   began     certain   grave 

discourses�察     �speaking    of   the  greatness    of   Pope   Alexander      and   his   son 

Cesare�察�and of their enterprises�察 �to which discourse Giovanni and   others 

answered�察     �but   he   rose  at  once�察   �saying   that   such   matters    ought    to  be 

discussed   in   a   more   private   place�察  �and   he   betook   himself   to   a   chamber�察�

whither Giovanni and the rest of the citizens went in after him。 No sooner 

were they seated than soldiers issued from secret places and slaughtered 

Giovanni       and   the   rest。  After    these   murders     Oliverotto�察    �mounted      on 

horseback�察�rode up and down the town and besieged the chief magistrate 

in the palace�察�so that in fear the people were forced to obey him�察�and to 

form a government�察�of which he made himself the prince。 He killed all the 

malcontents who were able to injure him�察�and strengthened himself with 

new civil and military ordinances�察�in such a way that�察�in the year during 

which he held the principality�察�not only was he secure in the city of Fermo�察�

but he had become formidable

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