proposed roads to freedom(宥吏徭喇岻揃)-及4嫗
梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
substitution of trusts for free competition�察�and predicted that the number of
capitalist enterprises must diminish as the magnitude of single enterprises
increased。 He supposed that this process must involve a diminution�察 �not
only in the number of businesses�察 �but also in the number of capitalists。
Indeed�察�he usually spoke as though each business were owned by a single
man。 Accordingly�察�he expected that men would be continually driven from
the ranks of the capitalists into those of the proletariat�察 �and that the
capitalists�察 �in the course of time�察 �would grow numerically weaker and
weaker。 He applied this principle not only to industry but also to
agriculture。 He expected to find the landowners growing fewer and fewer
while their estates grew larger and larger。 This process was to make more
and more glaring the evils and injustices of the capitalist system�察�and to
stimulate more and more the forces of opposition。
3。 The Class War。Marx conceives the wage´ earner and the capitalist
in a sharp antithesis。 He imagines that every man is�察�or must soon become�察�
wholly the one or wholly the other。 The wage´ earner�察 �who possesses
nothing�察 �is exploited by the capitalists�察 �who possess everything。 As the
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capitalist system works itself out and its nature becomes more clear�察�the
opposition of bourgeoisie and proletariat becomes more and more marked。
The two classes�察�since they have antagonistic interests�察�are forced into a
class war which generates within the capitalist regime internal forces of
disruption。 The working men learn gradually to combine against their
exploiters�察 �first locally�察 �then nationally�察 �and at last internationally。 When
they have learned to combine internationally they must be victorious。
They will then decree that all land and capital shall be owned in common�察�
exploitation will cease�察�the tyranny of the owners of wealth will no longer
be possible�察 �there will no longer be any division of society into classes�察�
and all men will be free。
All these ideas are already contained in the ``Communist Manifesto��'' a
work of the most amazing vigor and force�察 �setting forth with terse
compression the titanic forces of the world�察 �their epic battle�察 �and the
inevitable consummation。 This work is of such importance in the
development of Socialism and gives such an admirable statement of the
doctrines set forth at greater length and with more pedantry in ``Capital��''
that its salient passages must be known by anyone who wishes to
understand the hold which Marxian Socialism has acquired over the
intellect and imagination of a large proportion of working´class leaders。
``A spectre is haunting Europe��'' it begins�察 �`the spectre of Communism。
All the Powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise
this spectrePope and Czar�察�Metternich and Guizot�察�French Radicals and
German police´spies。 Where is the party in opposition that has not been
decried as communistic by its opponents in power�拭�Where the Opposition
that has not hurled back the branding reproach of Communism against the
more advanced opposition parties�察 �as well as against its re´actionary
adversaries��''
The existence of a class war is nothing new�此 �`The history of all
hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles。'' In these
struggles the fight ``each time ended�察 �either in a revolutionary re´
constitution of society at large�察�or in the common ruin of the contending
classes。''
``Our epoch�察�the epoch of the bourgeoisie 。 。 。 has simplified the class
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antagonisms。 Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two
great hostile camps�察 �into two great classes directly facing each other�此�
Bourgeoisie and Proletariat。'' Then follows a history of the fall of
feudalism�察 �leading to a description of the bourgeoisie as a revolutionary
force。 ``The bourgeoisie�察 �historically�察 �has played a most revolutionary
part。'' ``For exploitation�察�veiled by religious and political illusions�察�it has
substituted naked�察�shameless�察�direct�察�brutal exploitation。'' ``The need of a
constantly expanding market for its products chases the bourgeoisie over
the whole surface of the globe。'' ``The bourgeoisie�察�during its rule of scarce
one hundred years�察 �has created more massive and more colossal
productive forces than have all preceding generations together。'' Feudal
relations became fetters�此 �`They had to be burst asunder�察�they were burst
asunder。 。 。 。 A similar movement is going on before our own eyes。'' ``The
weapons with which the bourgeoisie felled feudalism to the ground are
now turned against the bourgeoisie itself。 But not only has the bourgoisie
forged the weapons that bring death to itself�察 �it has also called into
existence the men who are to wield those weapons the modern working
classthe proletarians。''
The cause of the destitution of the proletariat are then set forth。 ``The
cost of production of a workman is restricted�察�almost entirely�察�to the means
of subsistence that he requires for his maintenance and for the propagation
of his race。 But the price of a commodity�察�and therefore also of labor�察�is
equal to its cost of production。 In proportion�察 �therefore�察 �as the
repulsiveness of the work increases�察 �the wage decreases。 Nay more�察 �in
proportion as the use of machinery and diversion of labor increases�察�in the
same proportion the burden of toil also increases。''
``Modern industry has converted the little workshop of the patriarchal
master into the great factory of the industrial capitalist。 Masses of laborers�察�
crowded into the factory�察 �are organized like soldiers。 As privates of the
industrial army they are placed under the command of a perfect hierarchy
of officers and sergeants。 Not only are they slaves of the bourgeois class�察�
and of the bourgeois State�察 �they are daily and hourly enslaved by the
machine�察�by the over´looker�察 �and�察�above all�察�by the individual bourgeois
manufacturer himself。 The more openly this despotism proclaims gain to
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be its end and aim�察 �the more petty�察 �the more hateful�察 �and the more
embittering it is。''
The Manifesto tells next the manner of growth of the class struggle。
``The proletariat goes through various stages of development。 With its
birth begins its struggle with the bourgeoisie。 At first the contest is carried
on by individual laborers�察�then by the workpeople of a factory�察�then by the
operatives of one trade�察 �in one locality�察 �against the individual bourgeois
who directly exploits them。 They direct their attacks not against the
bourgeois conditions of production�察 �but against the instruments of
production themselves。''
``At this stage the laborers still form an incoherent mass scattered over
the whole country�察 �and broken up by their mutual competition。 If
anywhere they unite to form more compact bodies�察 �this is not yet the
consequence of their own active union�察�but of the union of the bourgeoisie�察�
which class�察�in order to attain its own political ends�察�is compelled to set the
whole proletariat in motion�察�and is moreover yet�察�for a time�察�able to do so。''
``The collisions between individual workmen and individual bourgeois
take more and more the character of collisions between two classes。
Thereupon the workers begin to form combinations ��Trades Unions��
against the bourgeois�察�they club together in order to keep up the rate of
wages�察 �they found permanent associations in order to make provision
beforehand for these occasional revolts。 Here and there the contest breaks
out into riots。 Now and then the workers are victorious�察�but only for a time。
The real fruit of their battles lies�察�not in the immediate result�察�but in the
ever´expanding union of the workers。 This union is helped on by the im´
proved means of communication that are created by modern industry�察�and
that place the workers of different localities in contact with one another。 It
was just this contact that was needed to centralize the numerous local
struggles�察 �all of the same character�察 �into one national struggle between
classes。 But every class struggle is a political struggle。 And that union�察�to
attain which the burghers of the Middle Ages�察 �with their miserable
highways�察�required centuries�察�the modern proletarians�察�thanks to railways�察�
achieve in a few years。 This organization of the proletarians into a class�察�
and consequently into a political party�察�is continually being upset again by
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the competition between the workers themselves。 But it ever rises up again�察�
stronger�察�firmer�察 �mightier。 It compels legislative recognition of particular
interests of the workers�察�by taking advantage of the divisions among the
bourgeoisie itself。''
``In the conditions of the proletariat�察�those of old society at large are
already virtually swamped。 The proletarian is without property�察 �his
relation to his wife and children has no longer anything in common with
the bourgeois family´relations�察�modern industrial labor�察�modern subjection
to capital�察�the same in England as in France�察�in America as in Germany�察�
has stripped him of every trace of national character。 Law�察 �morality�察�
religion�察�are to him so many bourgeois prejudices�察 �behind which lurk in
ambush just as many bourgeois interests。 All