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the   general   Anarchist   dislike   of   politics。   The   C。   G。   T。   is   essentially   a 

fighting     organization�察    �in   strikes�察 �it  is  the  nucleus     to  which    the   other 

workers rally。 

     There is a Reformist section in the C。 G。 T。�察�but it is practically always 

in a minority�察�and the C。 G。 T。 is�察�to all intents and purposes�察�the organ of 

revolutionary Syndicalism�察�which is simply the creed of its leaders。 

     The     essential    doctrine     of   Syndicalism      is   the   class´   war�察   �to   be 

conducted       by    industrial    rather    than   politi´   cal   methods。      The    chief 

industrial   methods   advocated   are   the   strike�察  �the   boycott�察  �the   label   and 

sabotage。 

     The boycott�察�in various forms�察�and the label�察�showing that the work has 

been done under trade´ union conditions�察�have played a considerable part 

in American labor struggles。 

     Sabotage is the practice of doing bad work�察�or spoiling machinery or 

work which has already been done�察�as a method of dealing with employers 

in   a   dispute    when     a  strike   appears     for  some     reason    undesirable      or 

impossible。 It has many forms�察�some clearly innocent�察�some open to grave 

objections。      One    form    of   sabotage     which    has    been   adopted     by   shop 

assistants is to tell customers the truth about the articles they are buying�察�

this form�察�however it may damage the shopkeeper's business�察�is not easy to 

object to on moral grounds。 A form which has been adopted on railways�察�

particularly   in   Italian   strikes�察  �is   that   of   obeying   all   rules   literally   and 

exactly�察    �in  such    a  way    as  to   make    the   running     of  trains   practically 

impossible。 Another form is to do all the work with minute care�察�so that in 

the end it is better done�察�but the output is small。 From these innocent forms 

there is a continual progression�察�until we come to such acts as all ordinary 

morality would consider criminal�察�for example�察�causing railway accidents。 

Advocates   of   sabotage   justify   it   as   part   of   war�察  �but   in   its   more   violent 

forms ��in which it is seldom defended�� it is cruel and probably inexpedient�察�

while even in its milder forms it must tend to encourage slovenly habits of 

work�察     �which     might     easily   persist    under    the    new    regime     that    the 

Syndicalists wish to introduce。 At the same time�察�when capitalists express 

a   moral   horror   of   this   method�察  �it   is   worth   while   to   observe   that   they 



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themselves   are   the   first   to   practice   it   when   the   occasion   seems   to   them 

appropriate。 If report speaks truly�察�an example of this on a very large scale 

has been seen during the Russian Revolution。 

     By   far   the   most   important   of   the   Syndicalist   methods   is   the   strike。 

Ordinary   strikes�察     �for   specific   objects�察   �are  regarded     as   rehearsals�察   �as  a 

means   of     perfecting   organization        and   promoting   enthusiasm�察        �but  even 

when they are victorious so far as concerns the specific point in dispute�察�

they     are   not   regarded     by   Syndicalists      as   affording     any    ground     for 

industrial   peace。   Syndicalists   aim  at   using   the   strike�察  �not   to   secure   such 

improvements of detail as employers may grant�察�but to destroy the whole 

system of employer and employed and win the complete emancipation of 

the   worker。   For   this   purpose   what   is   wanted   is   the   General   Strike�察  �the 

complete cessation of work by a sufficient proportion of the wage´earners 

to   secure   the   paralysis   of   capitalism。   Sorel�察  �who   represents   Syndicalism 

too   much   in   the   minds   of   the   reading   public�察  �suggests   that   the   General 

Strike is to be regarded as a myth�察�like the Second Coming in   Christian 

doctrine。 But this view by no means suits the active Syndicalists。 If they 

were   brought   to   believe   that   the   General   Strike   is   a   mere   myth�察  �their 

energy would flag�察�and their whole outlook would become disillusioned。 It 

is the actual�察�vivid belief in its possibility which inspires them。 They are 

much criticised for this belief by the political Socialists who consider that 

the    battle   is  to   be   won    by   obtaining     a   Parliamentary      majority。     But 

Syndicalists have too little faith in the honesty of politicians to place any 

reliance   on   such   a   method   or   to   believe   in   the   value   of   any   revolution 

which leaves the power of the State intact。 

     Syndicalist aims are somewhat less definite than Syndicalist methods。 

The     intellectuals     who     endeavor      to   interpret    themnot      always     very 

faithfully represent them as a party of movement and change�察�following 

a Bergsonian   elan vital�察 �without   needing   any  very  clear  prevision   of  the 

goal to which it is to take them。 Nevertheless�察�the negative part�察�at any rate�察�

of their objects is sufficiently clear。 

     They     wish    to  destroy    the   State�察  �which    they    regard    as  a  capitalist 

institution�察  �designed   essentially   to   terrorize   the   workers。   They   refuse   to 

believe that it would be any better under State Socialism。 They desire to 



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see   each   industry   self´governing�察  �but   as   to   the   means   of   adjusting   the 

relations   between   different   industries�察  �they   are   not   very   clear。   They   are 

anti´militarist because they are anti´State�察�and because French troops have 

often    been    employed      against    them    in  strikes�察  �also   because     they   are 

internationalists�察  �who   believe   that   the   sole   interest   of   the   working   man 

everywhere   is   to   free   himself   from   the   tyranny   of   the   capitalist。   Their 

outlook     on   life  is  the  very   reverse    of  pacifist�察  �but  they   oppose     wars 

between States on the ground that these are not fought for objects that in 

any  way  concern   the   workers。 Their   anti´militarism�察  �more   than   anything 

else�察�brought them into conflict with the authorities in the years preceding 

the war。 But�察�as was to be expected�察�it did not survive the actual invasion 

of France。 

     The     doctrines     of  Syndicalism       may     be   illustrated    by   an   article 

introducing it to English readers in the first number of ``The Syndicalist 

Railwayman��'' September�察�1911�察�from which the following is quoted�此�

       ``All   Syndicalism�察  �Collectivism�察  �Anarchism   aims   at   abolishing   the 

present economic status and existing private ownership of most things�察�but 

while     Collectivism       would     substitute    ownership       by   everybody�察     �and 

Anarchism        ownership     by   nobody�察    �Syndicalism      aims    at  ownership      by 

Organized Labor。 It is thus a purely Trade Union reading of the economic 

doctrine      and   the    class   war    preached     by    Socialism。     It  vehemently 

repudiates Parliamentary action on which Collectivism relies�察�and it is�察�in 

this respect�察�much more closely allied to Anarchism�察�from which�察�indeed�察�

it differs in practice only in being more limited in range of action。'' ��Times�察�

Aug。 25�察�1911��。 

     In truth�察�so thin is   the partition between   Syndicalism and Anarchism 

that   the   newer   and    less   familiar   ``ism''   has  been   shrewdly   defined      as 

``Organized Anarchy。'' It has been created by the Trade Unions of France�察�

but it is obviously an international plant�察�whose roots have already found 

the soil of Britain most congenial to its growth and fructification。 

     Collectivist   or   Marxian   Socialism   would   have   us   believe   that   it   is 

distinctly a LABOR Movement�察�but it is not so。 Neither is Anarchism。 The 

one   is   substantially   bourgeois�察  �the   other   aristocratic�察  �plus   an   abundant 

output   of   book´learning�察  �in   either   case。   Syndicalism�察  �on   the   contrary�察  �is 



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indubitably      laborist    in  origin   and    aim�察  �owing     next   to  nothing    to   the 

``Classes��''   and�察  �indeed�撮察  �resolute   to   uproot   them。   The   Times   ��Oct。   13�察�

1910���察�which almost single´handed in the British Press has kept creditably 

abreast of Continental Syndicalism�察�thus clearly set forth the significance 

of the General Strike�此�

       ``To   understand   what   it   means�察  �we   must   remember   that   there   is   in 

France a powerful Labor Organization which has for its open and avowed 

object a Revolution�察�in which not only the present order of Society�察�but the 

State itself�察�is to be swept away。 This movement is called Syndicalism。 It 

is   not   Socialism�察  �but�察  �on   the   contrary�察  �radically   opposed   to   Socialism�察�

because the Syndicalists hold that the State is the great enemy and that the 

Socialists' ideal of State or Collectivist Ownership would make the lot of 

the   Workers   much   worse   than   it   is   now   under   private   employers。   The 

means by which they hope to attain their end is the General Strike�察�an idea 

which   was   invented   by   a   French   workman   about   twenty   years   ago�撮�27�А�

and   was   adopted   by  the  French   Labor  Congress in   1894�察 �after  a   furious 

battle with the Socialists�察�in which the latter were worsted。 Since then the 

General   Strike   has   been   the   avowed   policy   of   the   Syndicalists�察  �whose 

organization is the Confederation Generale du Travail。'' 

       ��27�А�In fact the General Strike was invented by a Londoner William 

Benbow�察�an Owenite�察�in 1831。 

       Or�察�to put it otherwise�察�the intelligent French worker has awakened�察�

as   he   believes�察  �to   the   fact that   Society  ��Societas��   and   the   State   ��Civitas�� 

connote two separable spheres of human activity�察�between which there is 

no   connection�察  �necessary   or   desirable。   Without   the   one�察         �man�察  �being   a 

gregarious      animal�察    �cannot    subsist�此  �while    without     the  other    he   would 

simply      be   in  clover。   The    ``statesman''     whom      office   does    not   render 

positively nefarious is at best an expensive superfluity。 

       Syndicalists   have   had   many   violent   encounters   with   the   forces   of 

government。   In   1907   and   1908�察  �protesting   against   bloodshed   which   had 

occurred in the suppression o

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