the life of thomas telford-µÚ2ÕÂ
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Benevolence
Patriotism
His¡¡Will
Libraries¡¡in¡¡Eskdale¡¡supported¡¡by¡¡his¡¡bequests
PREFACE
The¡¡present¡¡is¡¡a¡¡revised¡¡and¡¡in¡¡some¡¡respects¡¡enlarged¡¡edition¡¡of
the¡¡'Life¡¡of¡¡Telford£»'¡¡originally¡¡published¡¡in¡¡the¡¡'Lives¡¡of¡¡the
Engineers£»'¡¡to¡¡which¡¡is¡¡prefixed¡¡an¡¡account¡¡of¡¡the¡¡early¡¡roads¡¡and
modes¡¡of¡¡travelling¡¡in¡¡Britain¡£
From¡¡this¡¡volume£»¡¡read¡¡in¡¡connection¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Lives¡¡of¡¡George¡¡and
Robert¡¡Stephenson£»¡¡in¡¡which¡¡the¡¡origin¡¡and¡¡extension¡¡of¡¡Railways¡¡is
described£»¡¡an¡¡idea¡¡may¡¡be¡¡formed¡¡of¡¡the¡¡extraordinary¡¡progress
which¡¡has¡¡been¡¡made¡¡in¡¡opening¡¡up¡¡the¡¡internal¡¡communications¡¡of
this¡¡¡¡country¡¡during¡¡the¡¡last¡¡century¡£
Among¡¡the¡¡principal¡¡works¡¡executed¡¡by¡¡Telford¡¡in¡¡the¡¡course¡¡of¡¡his
life£»¡¡were¡¡the¡¡great¡¡highways¡¡constructed¡¡by¡¡him¡¡in¡¡North¡¡Wales¡¡and
the¡¡Scotch¡¡Highlands£»¡¡through¡¡districts¡¡formerly¡¡almost¡¡inaccessible£»
but¡¡which¡¡are¡¡now¡¡as¡¡easily¡¡traversed¡¡as¡¡any¡¡English¡¡county¡£
By¡¡means¡¡of¡¡these¡¡roads£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡facilities¡¡afforded¡¡by¡¡railways£»
the¡¡many¡¡are¡¡now¡¡enabled¡¡to¡¡visit¡¡with¡¡ease¡¡and¡¡comfort¡¡magnificent
mountain¡¡scenery£»¡¡which¡¡before¡¡was¡¡only¡¡the¡¡costly¡¡privilege¡¡of¡¡the
few£»¡¡at¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time¡¡that¡¡their¡¡construction¡¡has¡¡exercised¡¡a¡¡most
beneficial¡¡influence¡¡on¡¡the¡¡population¡¡of¡¡the¡¡districts¡¡themselves¡£
The¡¡Highland¡¡roads£»¡¡which¡¡were¡¡constructed¡¡with¡¡the¡¡active
assistance¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Government£»¡¡and¡¡were¡¡maintained¡¡partly¡¡at¡¡the
public¡¡expense¡¡until¡¡within¡¡the¡¡last¡¡few¡¡years£»¡¡had¡¡the¡¡effect¡¡of
stimulating¡¡industry£»¡¡improving¡¡agriculture£»¡¡and¡¡converting¡¡a
turbulent¡¡because¡¡unemployed¡¡population¡¡into¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡most¡¡loyal
and¡¡well¡conditioned¡¡in¡¡the¡¡empire£»¡¡the¡¡policy¡¡thus¡¡adopted¡¡with
reference¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Highlands£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡beneficial¡¡results¡¡which¡¡have
flowed¡¡from¡¡it£»¡¡affording¡¡the¡¡strongest¡¡encouragement¡¡to¡¡Government
in¡¡dealing¡¡in¡¡like¡¡manner¡¡with¡¡the¡¡internal¡¡communications¡¡of
Ireland¡£
While¡¡the¡¡construction¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Highland¡¡roads¡¡was¡¡in¡¡progress£»
the¡¡late¡¡Robert¡¡Southey£»¡¡poet¡¡laureate£»¡¡visited¡¡the¡¡Highlands¡¡in
company¡¡with¡¡his¡¡friend¡¡the¡¡engineer£»¡¡and¡¡left¡¡on¡¡record¡¡an
interesting¡¡account¡¡of¡¡his¡¡visit£»¡¡in¡¡a£»¡¡manuscript¡¡now¡¡in¡¡the
possession¡¡of¡¡Robert¡¡Rawlinson£»¡¡C¡£E¡££»¡¡to¡¡whom¡¡we¡¡are¡¡indebted¡¡for
the¡¡extracts¡¡which¡¡are¡¡made¡¡from¡¡it¡¡in¡¡the¡¡present¡¡volume¡£
London£»¡¡October£»¡¡1867¡£
EARLY¡¡ROADS¡¡AND¡¡MODES¡¡OF¡¡TRAVELLING¡£
CHAPTER¡¡I¡£¡¡¡¡OLD¡¡ROADS¡£
Roads¡¡have¡¡in¡¡all¡¡times¡¡been¡¡among¡¡the¡¡most¡¡influential¡¡agencies¡¡of
society£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡makers¡¡of¡¡them£»¡¡by¡¡enabling¡¡men¡¡readily¡¡to
communicate¡¡with¡¡each¡¡other£»¡¡have¡¡properly¡¡been¡¡regarded¡¡as¡¡among
the¡¡most¡¡effective¡¡pioneers¡¡of¡¡civilization¡£
Roads¡¡are¡¡literally¡¡the¡¡pathways¡¡not¡¡only¡¡of¡¡industry£»¡¡but¡¡of
social¡¡and¡¡national¡¡intercourse¡£¡¡¡¡Wherever¡¡a¡¡line¡¡of¡¡communication
between¡¡men¡¡is¡¡formed£»¡¡it¡¡renders¡¡commerce¡¡practicable£»¡¡and£»
wherever¡¡commerce¡¡penetrates£»¡¡it¡¡creates¡¡a¡¡civilization¡¡and¡¡leaves
a¡¡history¡£
Roads¡¡place¡¡the¡¡city¡¡and¡¡the¡¡town¡¡in¡¡connection¡¡with¡¡the¡¡village
and¡¡the¡¡farm£»¡¡open¡¡up¡¡markets¡¡for¡¡field¡¡produce£»¡¡and¡¡provide
outlets¡¡for¡¡manufactures¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡enable¡¡the¡¡natural¡¡resources¡¡of¡¡a
country¡¡to¡¡be¡¡developed£»¡¡facilitate¡¡travelling¡¡and¡¡intercourse£»
break¡¡down¡¡local¡¡jealousies£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡all¡¡ways¡¡tend¡¡to¡¡bind¡¡together
society¡¡and¡¡bring¡¡out¡¡fully¡¡that¡¡healthy¡¡spirit¡¡of¡¡industry¡¡which
is¡¡the¡¡life¡¡and¡¡soul¡¡of¡¡every¡¡nation¡£
The¡¡road¡¡is¡¡so¡¡necessary¡¡an¡¡instrument¡¡of¡¡social¡¡wellbeing£»
that¡¡in¡¡every¡¡new¡¡colony¡¡it¡¡is¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡first¡¡things¡¡thought¡¡of¡£
First¡¡roads£»¡¡then¡¡commerce£»¡¡institutions£»¡¡schools£»¡¡churches£»
and¡¡newspapers¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡new¡¡country£»¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡the¡¡old£»¡¡can¡¡only¡¡be
effectually¡¡¡¨opened¡¡up£»¡¨¡¡as¡¡the¡¡common¡¡phrase¡¡is£»¡¡by¡¡roads
and¡¡until¡¡these¡¡are¡¡made£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡virtually¡¡closed¡£
Freedom¡¡itself¡¡cannot¡¡exist¡¡without¡¡free¡¡communication£»every
limitation¡¡of¡¡movement¡¡on¡¡the¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡members¡¡of¡¡society
amounting¡¡to¡¡a¡¡positive¡¡abridgment¡¡of¡¡their¡¡personal¡¡liberty¡£
Hence¡¡roads£»¡¡canals£»¡¡and¡¡railways£»¡¡by¡¡providing¡¡the¡¡greatest
possible¡¡facilities¡¡for¡¡locomotion¡¡and¡¡information£»¡¡are¡¡essential
for¡¡the¡¡freedom¡¡of¡¡all¡¡classes£»¡¡of¡¡the¡¡poorest¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡the
richest¡£
By¡¡bringing¡¡the¡¡ends¡¡of¡¡a¡¡kingdom¡¡together£»¡¡they¡¡reduce¡¡the
inequalities¡¡of¡¡fortune¡¡and¡¡station£»¡¡and£»¡¡by¡¡equalizing¡¡the¡¡price
of¡¡commodities£»¡¡to¡¡that¡¡extent¡¡they¡¡render¡¡them¡¡accessible¡¡to¡¡all¡£
Without¡¡their¡¡assistance£»¡¡the¡¡concentrated¡¡populations¡¡of¡¡our¡¡large
towns¡¡could¡¡neither¡¡be¡¡clothed¡¡nor¡¡fed£»¡¡but¡¡by¡¡their¡¡instrumentality
an¡¡immense¡¡range¡¡of¡¡country¡¡is¡¡brought¡¡as¡¡it¡¡were¡¡to¡¡their¡¡very¡¡doors£»
and¡¡the¡¡sustenance¡¡and¡¡employment¡¡of¡¡large¡¡masses¡¡of¡¡people¡¡become
comparatively¡¡easy¡£
In¡¡the¡¡raw¡¡materials¡¡required¡¡for¡¡food£»¡¡for¡¡manufactures£»¡¡and¡¡for
domestic¡¡purposes£»¡¡the¡¡cost¡¡of¡¡transport¡¡necessarily¡¡forms¡¡a
considerable¡¡item£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡is¡¡clear¡¡that¡¡the¡¡more¡¡this¡¡cost¡¡can¡¡be
reduced¡¡by¡¡facilities¡¡of¡¡communication£»¡¡the¡¡cheaper¡¡these¡¡articles
become£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡more¡¡they¡¡are¡¡multiplied¡¡and¡¡enter¡¡into¡¡the
consumption¡¡of¡¡the¡¡community¡¡at¡¡large¡£
Let¡¡any¡¡one¡¡imagine¡¡what¡¡would¡¡be¡¡the¡¡effect¡¡of¡¡closing¡¡the¡¡roads£»
railways£»¡¡and¡¡canals¡¡of¡¡England¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡country¡¡would¡¡be¡¡brought¡¡to¡¡a
dead¡¡lock£»¡¡employment¡¡would¡¡be¡¡restricted¡¡in¡¡all¡¡directions£»¡¡and¡¡a
large¡¡proportion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡inhabitants¡¡concentrated¡¡in¡¡the¡¡large¡¡towns
must¡¡at¡¡certain¡¡seasons¡¡inevitably¡¡perish¡¡of¡¡cold¡¡and¡¡hunger¡£
In¡¡the¡¡earlier¡¡periods¡¡of¡¡English¡¡history£»¡¡roads¡¡were¡¡of¡¡comparatively
less¡¡consequence¡£¡¡¡¡While¡¡the¡¡population¡¡was¡¡thin¡¡and¡¡scattered£»
and¡¡men¡¡lived¡¡by¡¡hunting¡¡and¡¡pastoral¡¡pursuits£»¡¡the¡¡track¡¡across
the¡¡down£»¡¡the¡¡heath£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡moor£»¡¡sufficiently¡¡answered¡¡their¡¡purpose¡£
Yet¡¡even¡¡in¡¡those¡¡districts¡¡unencumbered¡¡with¡¡wood£»¡¡where¡¡the¡¡first
settlements¡¡were¡¡madeas¡¡on¡¡the¡¡downs¡¡of¡¡Wiltshire£»¡¡the¡¡moors¡¡of
Devonshire£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡wolds¡¡of¡¡Yorkshirestone¡¡tracks¡¡were¡¡laid¡¡down
by¡¡the¡¡tribes¡¡between¡¡one¡¡village¡¡and¡¡another¡£¡¡¡¡We¡¡have¡¡given¡¡here£»
a¡¡representation¡¡of¡¡one¡¡of¡¡those¡¡ancient¡¡trackways¡¡still¡¡existing
in¡¡the¡¡neighbourhood¡¡of¡¡Whitby£»¡¡in¡¡Yorkshire£»
£§Image£§¡¡Ancient¡¡Causeway£»¡¡near¡¡Whitby¡£
and¡¡there¡¡are¡¡many¡¡of¡¡the¡¡same¡¡description¡¡to¡¡be¡¡met¡¡with¡¡in¡¡other
parts¡¡of¡¡England¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡some¡¡districts¡¡they¡¡are¡¡called¡¡trackways¡¡or
ridgeways£»¡¡being¡¡narrow¡¡causeways¡¡usually¡¡following¡¡the¡¡natural
ridge¡¡of¡¡the¡¡country£»¡¡and¡¡probably¡¡serving¡¡in¡¡early¡¡times¡¡as¡¡local
boundaries¡£¡¡¡¡On¡¡Dartmoor¡¡they¡¡are¡¡constructed¡¡of¡¡stone¡¡blocks£»
irregularly¡¡laid¡¡down¡¡on¡¡the¡¡surface¡¡of¡¡the¡¡ground£»¡¡forming¡¡a¡¡rude
causeway¡¡of¡¡about¡¡five¡¡or¡¡six¡¡feet¡¡wide¡£
The¡¡Romans£»¡¡with¡¡many¡¡other¡¡arts£»¡¡first¡¡brought¡¡into¡¡England¡¡the
art¡¡of¡¡road¡making¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡thoroughly¡¡understood¡¡the¡¡value¡¡of¡¡good
roads£»¡¡regarding¡¡them¡¡as¡¡the¡¡essential¡¡means¡¡for¡¡the¡¡maintenance
of¡¡their¡¡empire¡¡in¡¡the¡¡first¡¡instance£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡social¡¡prosperity¡¡in
the¡¡next¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡their¡¡roads£»¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡their¡¡legions£»¡¡that¡¡made
them¡¡masters¡¡of¡¡the¡¡world£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡pickaxe£»¡¡not¡¡less¡¡than¡¡the¡¡sword£»
was¡¡the¡¡ensign¡¡of¡¡their¡¡dominion¡£¡¡¡¡Wherever¡¡they¡¡went£»¡¡they¡¡opened
up¡¡the¡¡communications¡¡of¡¡the¡¡countries¡¡they¡¡subdued£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡roads
which¡¡they¡¡made¡¡were¡¡among¡¡the¡¡best¡¡of¡¡their¡¡kind¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡were
skilfully¡¡laid¡¡out¡¡and¡¡solidly¡¡constructed¡£¡¡¡¡For¡¡centuries¡¡after
the¡¡Romans¡¡left¡¡England£»¡¡their¡¡roads¡¡continued¡¡to¡¡be¡¡the¡¡main
highways¡¡of¡¡internal¡¡communication£»¡¡and¡¡their¡¡remains¡¡are¡¡to¡¡this
day¡¡to¡¡be¡¡traced¡¡in¡¡many¡¡parts¡¡of¡¡the¡¡country¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Settlements¡¡were
made¡¡and¡¡towns¡¡sprang¡¡up¡¡along¡¡the¡¡old¡¡¡¨streets£»¡¨¡¡and¡¡the¡¡numerous
Stretfords£»¡¡Stratfords£»¡¡and¡¡towns¡¡ending'¡¡in¡¡¡¨le¡street¡¨
as¡¡Ardwick¡le¡street£»¡¡in¡¡Yorkshire£»¡¡and¡¡Chester¡le¡street£»
in¡¡Durhammostly¡¡mark¡¡the¡¡direction¡¡of¡¡these¡¡ancient¡¡lines¡¡of¡¡road¡£
There¡¡are¡¡also¡¡numerous¡¡Stanfords£»¡¡which¡¡were¡¡so¡¡called¡¡because¡¡they
bordered¡¡the¡¡raised¡¡military¡¡roadways¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Romans£»¡¡which¡¡ran
direct¡¡between¡¡their¡¡stations¡£
The¡¡last¡mentioned¡¡peculiarity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡roads¡¡constructed¡¡by¡¡the
Romans£»¡¡must¡¡have¡¡struck¡¡many¡¡observers¡£¡¡¡¡Level¡¡does¡¡not¡¡seem¡¡to
have¡¡been¡¡of¡¡consequence£»¡¡compared¡¡with¡¡directness¡£¡¡¡¡This
peculiarity¡¡is¡¡supposed¡¡to¡¡have¡¡originated¡¡in¡¡an¡¡imperfect
knowledge¡¡of¡¡mechanics£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡Romans¡¡do¡¡not¡¡appear¡¡to¡¡have¡¡been
acquainted¡¡with¡¡the¡¡moveable¡¡joint¡¡in¡¡wheeled¡¡carriages¡£
The¡¡carriage¡body¡¡rested¡¡solid¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡axles£»¡¡which¡¡in¡¡four¡wheeled
vehicles¡¡were¡¡rigidly¡¡parallel¡¡with¡¡each¡¡other¡£¡¡¡¡Being¡¡unable
readily¡¡to¡¡turn¡¡a¡¡bend¡¡in¡¡the¡¡road£»¡¡it¡¡has¡¡been¡¡concluded¡¡that¡¡for
this¡¡reason¡¡all¡¡the¡¡great¡¡Roman¡¡highways¡¡were¡¡constructed¡¡in¡¡as
straight¡¡lines¡¡as¡¡possible¡£
On¡¡the¡¡departure¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Romans¡¡from¡¡Britain£»¡¡most¡¡of¡¡the¡¡roads
constructed¡¡by¡¡them¡¡were¡¡allowed¡¡to¡¡fall¡¡into¡¡decay£»¡¡on¡¡which¡¡the
forest¡¡and¡¡the¡¡waste¡¡gradually¡¡resumed¡¡their¡¡dominion¡¡over¡¡them£»
and¡¡the¡¡highways¡¡of¡¡England¡¡became¡¡about¡¡the¡¡worst¡¡in¡¡Europe¡£
We¡¡find£»¡¡however£»¡¡that¡¡numerous¡¡attempts¡¡were¡¡made¡¡in¡¡early¡¡times
to¡¡preserve¡¡the¡¡ancient¡¡ways¡¡and¡¡enable¡¡a¡¡communication¡¡to¡¡be
maintained¡¡between¡¡the¡¡metropolis¡¡and¡¡the¡¡rest¡¡of¡¡the¡¡country£»
as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡between¡¡one¡¡¡¡market¡¡town¡¡and¡¡another¡£
The¡¡state¡¡of¡¡the¡¡highways¡¡may¡¡be¡¡inferred¡¡from¡¡the¡¡character¡¡of
the¡¡legislation¡¡applying¡¡to¡¡them¡£¡¡¡¡One¡¡of¡¡the¡¡first¡¡laws¡¡on¡¡the
subject¡¡was¡¡passed¡¡in¡¡1285£»¡¡directing¡¡that¡¡all¡¡bushes¡¡and¡¡trees
along¡¡the¡¡roads¡¡leading¡¡from¡¡one¡¡market¡¡to¡¡another¡¡should¡¡be¡¡cut
down¡¡for¡¡two¡¡hundred¡¡feet¡¡on¡¡either¡¡side£»¡¡to¡¡prevent¡¡robbers
lurking¡¡therein£»*£§1£§¡¡but¡¡nothing¡¡was¡¡proposed¡¡for¡¡amending¡¡the
condition¡¡of¡¡the¡¡ways¡¡themselves¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡1346£»¡¡Edward¡¡III¡£
authorised¡¡the¡¡first¡¡toll¡¡to¡¡be¡¡levied¡¡for¡¡the¡¡repair¡¡of¡¡the
roads¡¡leading¡¡from¡¡St¡£¡¡Giles's¡in¡the¡Fields¡¡to¡¡the¡¡village¡¡of
Charing¡¡£¨now¡¡Charing¡¡Cross£©£»¡¡and¡¡from¡¡the¡¡same¡¡quarter¡¡to¡¡near
Temple¡¡Bar¡¡£¨down¡¡Drury¡¡Lane£©£»¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡the¡¡highway¡¡then¡¡called
Perpoole¡¡£¨now¡¡Gray's¡¡Inn¡¡Lane£©¡£¡¡The¡¡footway¡¡at¡¡the¡¡entrance¡¡of
Temple¡¡Bar¡¡was¡¡interrupted¡¡by¡¡thickets¡¡and¡¡bushes£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡wet
weather¡¡was¡¡almost¡¡impassable¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡roads¡¡further¡¡west¡¡were¡¡so
bad¡¡that¡¡when¡¡the¡¡sovereign¡¡went¡¡to¡¡Parliament¡¡faggots¡¡were
thrown¡¡into¡¡the¡¡ruts¡¡in¡¡King¡street£»¡¡Westminster£»¡¡to¡¡enable¡¡the
royal¡¡cavalcade¡¡to¡¡pass¡¡along¡£
In¡¡Henry¡¡VIII¡£'s¡¡reign£»¡¡several¡¡remarkable¡¡statutes¡¡were¡¡passed
relating¡¡to¡¡certain¡¡worn¡out¡¡and¡¡impracticable¡¡roads¡¡in¡¡Sussex¡¡and
the¡¡Weald¡¡of¡¡Kent¡£¡¡¡¡From¡¡the¡¡earliest¡¡of¡¡these£»¡¡it¡¡would¡¡appear
that¡¡when¡¡the¡¡old¡¡roads¡¡were¡¡found¡¡too¡¡deep¡¡and¡¡miry¡¡to¡¡be¡¡passed£»
they¡¡were¡¡merely¡¡abandoned¡¡and¡¡new¡¡tracks¡¡struck¡¡out¡£¡¡¡¡After
describing¡¡¡¨many¡¡of¡¡the¡¡wayes¡¡in¡¡the¡¡wealds¡¡as¡¡so¡¡depe¡¡and¡¡noyous
by¡¡wearyng¡¡and¡¡course¡¡of¡¡water¡¡and¡¡other¡¡occasions¡¡that¡¡people
cannot¡¡have¡¡their¡¡carriages¡¡or¡¡passages¡¡by¡¡horses¡¡uppon¡¡or¡¡by¡¡the
same¡¡but¡¡to¡¡their¡¡great¡¡paynes£»¡¡perill¡¡and¡¡jeopardie£»¡¨¡¡the¡¡Act
provided¡¡that¡¡owners¡¡of¡¡land¡¡might£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡consent¡¡of¡¡two
justices¡¡and¡¡twelve¡¡discreet¡¡men¡¡of¡¡the¡¡hundred£»¡¡lay¡¡out¡¡new¡¡roads
and¡¡close¡¡up¡¡the¡¡old¡¡ones¡£¡¡¡¡Another¡¡Act¡¡passed¡¡in¡¡the¡¡same¡¡reign£»
related¡¡to¡¡the¡¡repairs¡¡of¡¡bridges¡¡and¡¡of¡¡the¡¡highways¡¡at¡¡the¡¡ends
of¡¡bridges¡£
But¡¡as¡¡these¡¡measures¡¡were¡¡for¡¡the¡¡most¡¡part¡¡merely¡¡permissive£»
they¡¡could¡¡have¡¡had¡¡but¡¡little¡¡practical¡¡effect¡¡in¡¡improving¡¡the
communications¡¡of¡¡the