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alexandria and her schools(冉煽表寄才慢議僥丕)-及6嫗

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Newton�此      �but   as   soon   as   Hipparchus   had propounded   any  theory  which 

would do instead of the true laws�察�content there to stop their experiments�察�

and   return   to    their   favourite   work   of   commenting�察  �deducing�察  �spinning 

notion out of notion�察�ad infinitum。 

     Still�察  �they   were   not   all   of   this   temper。 Had   they   been�察  �they   would 

have discovered�察�not merely a little�察�but absolutely nothing。                  For after all�察�

if   we   will   consider�察  �induction   being   the   right   path   to   knowledge�察  �every 

man�察�whether he knows it or not�察�uses induction�察�more or less�察�by the mere 

fact   of   his   having   a   human   reason�察  �and   knowing   anything   at   all�察  �as   M。 

Jourdain talked prose all his life without being aware of it。 

     Aristarchus      is  principally     famous     for   his  attempt     to  discover     the 

distance of the sun as compared with that of the moon。                     His method was 

ingenious enough�察�but too rough for success�察�as it depended principally on 

the belief that the line bounding the bright part of the moon was an exact 

straight line。     The result was of course erroneous。              He concluded that the 

sun was 18 times as far as the moon�察�and not�察�as we now know�察�400�察�but 

his conclusion�察�like his conception of the vast extent of the sphere of the 

fixed stars�察�was far enough in advance of the popular doctrine to subject 

him�察�according to Plutarch�察�to a charge of impiety。 

     Eratosthenes�察  �again�察  �contributed   his   mite   to   the   treasure   of   human 

sciencehis one mite�察�and yet by that he is better known than by all the 

volumes      which     he   seems    to  have    poured    out�察  �on  Ethics�察   �Chronology�察�

Criticism on the Old Attic Comedy�察�and what not�察�spun out of his weary 

brain    during    a   long   life  of   research    and   meditation。      They      have   all 

perished��like ninety´nine hundredths of the labours of that great literary 

age�察  �and   perhaps   the   world   is   no   poorer   for   the   loss。   But   one   thing�察�

which he attempted on a sound and practical philosophic method�察�stands�察�

and will stand for ever。        And after all�察�is not that enough to have lived for�拭�



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to have found out one true thing�察�and�察�therefore�察�one imperishable thing�察�in 

one's   life�拭   �If   each   one   of   us   could   but   say   when   he   died�此 �This   one 

thing I have found out�察�this one thing I have proved to be possible�察�this 

one eternal fact I have rescued from Hela�察�the realm of the formless and 

unknown�察─�how rich one such generation might make the world for ever� �

     But such is not the appointed   method。              The finders   are few  and   far 

between�察�because the true seekers are few and far between�察�and a whole 

generation has often nothing to show for its existence but one solitary gem 

which some one manoften unnoticed in his timehas picked up for them�察�

and so given them ;a local habitation and a name。; 

     Eratosthenes had heard that in Syene�察�in Upper Egypt�察�deep wells were 

enlightened   to   the   bottom   on   the   day   of   the   summer   solstice�察  �and   that 

vertical objects cast no shadows。 

     He   had   before   suggested�察  �as   is   supposed�察  �to   Ptolemy   Euergetes�察  �to 

make   him   the   two   great   copper   armillae�察  �or   circles   for   determining   the 

equinox�察  �which   stood   for   centuries   in   ;that   which   is   called   the   Square 

Porch;probably somewhere in the Museum。                   By these he had calculated 

the obliquity of the ecliptic�察�closely enough to serve for a thousand years 

after。    That was one work done。            But what had the Syene shadows to do 

with that�拭     �Syene must be under that ecliptic。           On the edge of it。 In short�察�

just under the tropic。       Now he had ascertained exactly the latitude of one 

place   on   the   earth's   surface。   He   had   his   known   point   from   whence   to 

start   on   a   world´journey�察  �and   he   would   use   it�察  �he   would   calculate   the 

circumference        of  the   earthand    he   did  it。  By     observations     made     at 

Alexandria�察�he ascertained its latitude compared with that of Syene�察�and so 

ascertained what proportion to the whole circumference was borne by the 

5000     stadia   between     Alexandria     and    Syene。    He   fell  into  an  error�察  �by 

supposing       Alexandria     and    Syene    to  be   under    the  same    meridians     of 

longitude�此     �but that did not prevent his arriving at a fair rough result of 

252��000   stadia31��500   Roman   miles�察  �considerably   too   much�察  �but   still�察�

before him�察�I suppose�察�none knew whether it was 10��000�察�or 10��000��000。 

The     right   method     having    once    been   found�察   �nothing    remained      but  to 

employ it more accurately。 

     One other great merit of Eratosthenes is�察�that he first raised Geography 



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to the rank of a science。        His Geographica were an organic collection�察�the 

first   the  world    had   ever    seen�察  �of  all  the  travels   and   books    of   earth´ 

description   heaped   together   in   the   Great   Library�察  �of   which   he   was   for 

many years the keeper。          He began with a geognostic book�察�touched on the 

traces of Cataclysms and Change visible on the earth's surface�察�followed 

by two books�察�one a mathematical book�察�the other on political geography�察�

and completed by a mapwhich one would like to see�此                    �but not a trace 

of all remains�察�save a few quoted fragments ´ 

       We are such stuff As dreams are made of。 

       But   if   Eratosthenes   had   hold   of   eternal   fact   and   law   on   one   point�察�

there was a contemporary who had hold of it in more than one。                        I mean 

Archimedes�察�of whom�察�as I have said�察�we must speak as of an Alexandrian。 

It was as a mechanician�察�rather than as an astronomer�察�that he gained his 

reputation。      The stories of his Hydraulic Screw�察�the Great Ship which he 

built for Hiero�察�and launched by means of machinery�察�his crane�察�his war´ 

engines�察    �above    all  his  somewhat      mythical     arrangement      of  mirrors�察   �by 

which   he   set   fire   to   ships   in   the  harbourall   these�察  �like   the  story   of   his 

detecting the alloy in Hiero's crown�察�while he himself was in the bath�察�and 

running   home   undressed   shouting   ��Greek   text�此          �eureeka��all   these   are 

schoolboys' tales。        To the thoughtful person it is the method of the man 

which   constitutes   his   real   greatness�察  �that   power   of   insight   by   which   he 

solved the two great problems of the nature of the lever and of hydrostatic 

pressure�察�which form the basis of all static and hydrostatic science to this 

day。     And     yet  on   that  very    question    of  the   lever   the  great   mind    of 

Aristotle babblesneither sees the thing itself�察�nor the way towards seeing 

it。   But   since  Archimedes   spoke�察  �the   thing   seems   self´evident   to   every 

schoolboy。       There is something to me very solemn in such a fact as this。 

It   brings   us   down   to   some   of   the  very  deepest   questions   of   metaphysic。 

This    mental     insight   of  which     we   boast    so  much�察    �what    is  it�拭 �Is   it 

altogether a process of our own brain and will�拭               �If it be�察�why have so few 

the   power�察  �even   among   men   of   power�察  �and   they   so   seldom�拭        �If   brain 

alone were what was wanted�察�what could not Aristotle have discovered�拭�

Or is it that no man can see a thing unless God shows it him�拭                  �Is it that in 

each separate act of induction�察�that mysterious and transcendental process 



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                            ALEXANDRIA AND HER SCHOOLS 



which cannot�察�let logicians try as   they will�察�be expressed by any  merely 

logical formula�察�Aristotelian or otheris it I say�察�that in each separate act 

of induction we do not find the law�察�but the law is shown to us�察�by Him 

who made the law�拭�Bacon thought so。                 Of that you may find clear proof 

in   his   writings。   May   not   Bacon   be   right�拭  �May   it   not   be   true   that   God 

does in science�察�as well as in ethics�察�hide things from the wise and prudent�察�

from the proud�察�complete�察�self´contained systematiser like Aristotle�察�who 

must   needs   explain   all  things   in   heaven   and   earth by  his   own   formulae�察�

and his entelechies and energies�察�and the rest of the notions which he has 

made for himself out of his own brain�察�and then pack each thing away in 

its proper niche in his great cloud´universe of conceptions�拭                �Is it that God 

hides things   from  such men   many  a time�察 �and   reveals them  to   babes�察 �to 

gentle�察�affectionate�察�simple´hearted men�察�such as we know Archimedes to 

have been�察�who do not try to give an explanation for a fact�察�but feel how 

awful   and   divine   it   is�察  �and   wrestle   reverently   and   stedfastly   with   it�察  �as 

Jacob with the Angel�察�and will not let it go�察�until it bless them�拭              �Sure I am�察�

from     what    I  have    seen   of   scientific   men�察   �that  there   is  an   intimate 

connection between the health of the moral faculties and the health of the 

inductive ones�察�and that the proud�察�self´conceited�察�and passionate man will 

see nothing�此     �perhaps because nothing will be shown him。 

     But we must leave Archimedes for a man not perhaps so well known�察�

but to whom we owe as much as to the great SyracusanHipparchus the 

astronomer。       To   his   case   much   which   I  have   just   said   applies。  In   him 

astronomic science seemed to awaken suddenly to a true inductive method�察�

and after him to fall into its old slumber for 300 years。                In the meantime 

Timocharis�察      �Aristyllus�察  �and   Conon     had   each    added    their  mites   to   the 

discoveries of Eratosthenes�此         �but to Hipparchus we owe that theory of the 

heavens�察�commonly called the Ptolemaic system�察�which�察�starting from the 

assumption   that   the   earth   was   the   centre   of   the   universe�察  �attempted   to 

explain     the  motions     of  the   heavenly     bodies   by   a  complex     system     of 

supposed      eccentrics   and   epicycles。      This   has   of   course   now   vanished 

before   modern   discoveries。        But   its   value   as   a   scientific   attempt   lies   in 

this�此  �that the method being a correct one�察�correct resu

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