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alexandria and her schools(冉煽表寄才慢議僥丕)-及20嫗

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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




glorious order of love and wisdom�察�linking them all to Him from whom 

they all proceed�察�rays from His cloudless sunlight�察�mirrors of His eternal 

glory。 

     But as the Elizabethan age�察�exhausted by its own fertility�察�gave place to 

the Caroline�察�Neoplatonism ran through much the same changes。                        It was 

good      for   us�察  �after   all�察  �that   the   plain    strength     of   the   Puritans�察�

unphilosophical   as   they   were�察  �swept   it   away。      One   feels   in   reading   the 

later Neoplatonists�察�Henry More�察�Smith�察�even Cudworth ��valuable as he is���察�

that the old accursed distinction between the philosopher�察�the scholar�察�the 

illuminate�察�and the plain righteous man�察�was growing up again very fast。 

The school from which the ;Religio Medici; issued was not likely to make 



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any bad men good�察�or any foolish men wise。 

     Besides�察�as long as men were continuing to quote poor old Proclus as 

an irrefragable authority�察�and believing that he�察�forsooth�察�represented the 

sense of Plato�察�the new´born Baconian philosophy had but little chance in 

the world。      Bacon had been right in his dislike of Platonism years before�察�

though   he   was   unjust   to   Plato   himself。    It   was   Proclus   whom   he   was 

really   reviling�察  �Proclus   as   Plato's   commentator   and   representative。   The 

lion had for once got into the ass's skin�察�and was treated accordingly。                 The 

true   Platonic    method�察    �that  dialectic   which     the  Alexandrians      gradually 

abandoned�察�remains yet to be tried�察�both in England and in Germany�察�and I 

am much mistaken�察�if�察�when fairly used�察�it be not found the ally�察�not the 

enemy�察�of the Baconian philosophy�察�in fact�察�the inductive method applied 

to   words�察  �as   the   expressions   of   Metaphysic   Laws�察  �instead   of   to   natural 

phenomena�察�as the expressions of Physical ones。                  If you wish to see the 

highest instances of this method�察�read Plato himself�察�not Proclus。                   If you 

wish to see how the same method can be applied to Christian truth�察�read 

the dialectic passages in Augustine's ;Confessions。;                Whether or not you 

shall   agree   with   their   conclusions�察  �you   will   not   be   likely�察  �if   you   have   a 

truly scientific habit of mind�察�to complain that they want either profundity�察�

severity�察�or simplicity。 

     So    concludes     the   history    of  one    of  the   Alexandrian      schools    of 

Metaphysic。        What   was   the   fate   of   the   other   is   a   subject   which   I   must 

postpone to my next Lecture。 



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      LECTURE IVTHE CROSS AND 

                        THE CRESCENT 



     I   tried   to   point   out�察  �in   my   last   Lecture�察  �the   causes   which   led   to   the 

decay of the Pagan metaphysic of Alexandria。                We have now to consider 

the fate of the Christian school。 

     You   may   have   remarked   that   I   have   said   little   or   nothing   about   the 

positive   dogmas   of   Clement�察  �Origen�察  �and   their   disciples�察  �but   have   only 

brought     out   the   especial    points   of  departure     between     them    and   the 

Heathens。      My reason for so doing was twofold�此              �first�察�I could not have 

examined them without entering on controversial ground�察�next�察�I am very 

desirous to excite some of my hearers�察�at least�察�to examine these questions 

for themselves。 

     I entreat   them not   to   listen to   the hasty sneer to   which many  of   late 

have   given   way�察  �that   the   Alexandrian   divines   were   mere   mystics�察  �who 

corrupted Christianity by an admixture of Oriental and Greek thought。 My 

own belief is that they expanded and corroborated Christianity�察�in spite of 

great errors and defects on certain points�察�far more than they corrupted it�察�

that they presented it to the minds of cultivated and scientific men in the 

only form in which it would have satisfied their philosophic aspirations�察�

and yet contrived�察�with wonderful wisdom�察�to ground their philosophy on 

the   very   same   truths   which   they   taught   to   the   meanest   slaves�察  �and   to 

appeal     in  the  philosophers     to  the   same   inward    faculty    to  which    they 

appealed   in   the   slave�察  �namely�察  �to   that   inward   eye�察  �that   moral   sense   and 

reason�察�whereby each and every man can�察�if he will�察 �judge of himself that 

which is right。;      I boldly say that I believe the Alexandrian Christians to 

have    made     the  best�察 �perhaps     the  only�察  �attempt   yet   made    by   men�察  �to 

proclaim a true world´philosophy�察�whereby I mean a philosophy common 

to   all   races�察  �ranks�察  �and   intellects�察  �embracing   the   whole   phenomena   of 

humanity�察  �and   not   an   arbitrarily   small   portion   of   them�察  �and   capable   of 

being understood and appreciated by every human being from the highest 



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to the lowest。       And when you hear of a system of reserve in teaching�察�a 

disciplina   arcani�察 �of   an   esoteric   and   exoteric�察  �an   inner   and   outer   school�察�

among   these   men�察  �you   must   not   be   frightened   at   the   words�察  �as   if   they 

spoke of priestcraft�察�or an intellectual aristocracy�察�who kept the kernel of 

the nut for themselves�察�and gave the husks to the mob。                   It was not so with 

the   Christian   schools�察  �it   was   so   with   the   Heathen   ones。     The   Heathens 

were     content    that   the  mob�察    �the  herd�察   �should    have    the  husks。     Their 

avowed intention and wish was to leave the herd�察�as they called them�察�in 

the mere outward observance of the old idolatries�察�while they themselves�察�

the   cultivated   philosophers�察  �had   the   monopoly   of   those   deeper   spiritual 

truths   which   were   contained   under   the   old   superstitions�察  �and   were   too 

sacred to be profaned by the vulgar eyes。                The Christian method was the 

exact   opposite。      They   boldly   called   those   vulgar   eyes   to   enter   into   the 

very holy of holies�察�and there gaze on the very deepest root´ideas of their 

philosophy。       They   owned   no   ground   for   their   own   speculations   which 

was not common to the harlots and the slaves around。                    And this was what 

enabled   them   to   do   this�察  �this   was   what   brought   on   them   the   charge   of 

demagogism�察�the   hatred of   philosophers�察�the persecution of princesthat 

their ground was a moral ground�察�and not a merely intellectual one�察�that 

they   started�察  �not   from   any   notions   of   the   understanding�察  �but   from   the 

inward conscience�察�that truly pure Reason in which the intellectual and the 

moral spheres are united�察�which they believed to exist�察�however dimmed 

or   crushed�察  �in   every  human   being�察 �capable   of being   awakened�察 �purified�察�

and raised up to a noble and heroic life。               They concealed nothing moral 

from their disciples�此        �only they forbade them to meddle with intellectual 

matters�察    �before     they    had   had    a   regular    intellectual     training。     The 

witnesses of reason and conscience were sufficient guides for all men�察�and 

at   them   the   many   might   well   stop   short。      The   teacher   only   needed   to 

proceed further�察�not into a higher region�察�but into a lower one�察�namely�察�into 

the region of the logical understanding�察�and there make deductions from�察�

and   illustrations   of�察  �those   higher   truths   which   he   held   in   common   with 

every slave�察�and held on the same ground as they。 

     And   the   consequence   of   this   method   of   philosophising   was   patent。 

They  were   enabled   to   produce�察  �in   the   lives   of   millions�察  �generation   after 



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generation�察�a more immense moral improvement than the world had ever 

seen before。      Their disciples did actually become righteous and good men�察�

just in proportion as they were true to the lessons they learnt。 They did�察�for 

centuries�察�work a distinct and palpable deliverance on the earth�察�while all 

the solemn and earnest meditation of the Neoplatonists�察�however good or 

true�察�worked no deliverance whatsoever。                Plotinus longed at one time to 

make a practical attempt。          He asked the Emperor Gallienus�察�his patron�察�to 

rebuild for him a city in Campania�察�to allow him to call it Platonopolis�察�

and   put it into   the  hands  of him  and   his   disciples�察 �that   they  might   there 

realise Plato's ideal republic。 Luckily for the reputation of Neoplatonism�察�

the scheme was swamped by the courtiers of Gallienus�察�and the earth was 

saved   the   sad   and   ludicrous   sight   of   a   realised   Laputa�察  �probably   a   very 

quarrelsome        one。   That    was     his  highest     practical    conception�此      �the 

foundation of a new society�此          �not the regeneration of society as it existed。 

     That work was left for the Christian schools�察�and up to a certain point 

they performed it。         They made men good。             This was the test�察�which of 

the schools was in the right�此         �this was the test�察�which of the two had hold 

of the eternal roots of metaphysic。            Cicero says�察�that he had learnt more 

philosophy from the Laws of the Twelve Tables than from all the Greeks。 

Clement   and   his   school   might   have   said   the   same   of   the   Hebrew   Ten 

Commandments and Jewish Law�察�which are so marvellously analogous to 

the   old   Roman   laws�察  �founded�察  �as   they   are�察  �on   the   belief   in   a   Supreme 

Being�察  �a   Jupiterliterally   a   Heavenly   Fatherwho   is   the   source   and   the 

sanction of law�察�of whose justice man's justice is the pattern�察�who is the 

avenger of crimes against marriage�察�property�察�life�察�on whom depends the 

sanctity  of   an   oath。    And   so�察  �to   compare   great   things   with   small�察  �there 

was a truly practical human element here in the Christian teaching�察�purely 

ethical   and   metaphysical�察  �and   yet   palpable   to   the   simplest   and   lowest�察�

which      gave    to  it  a  regenerating     force    which    the   highest    efforts   of 

Neoplatonism could never attain。 

     And   yet   Alexandrian   Christianity�察  �notoriously   enough�察  �rotted   away�察�

and perished hideously。          Mo

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