misc writings and speeches(致帽針傍嚥亟)-及38嫗
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THE MISCELLANEOUS WRITINGS AND SPEECHES OF LORD MACAULAY
to decorate oligarchy and tyranny�察 �avoided the judicial and political
meetings of Athens from mere timidity�察 �and seems to have hated
democracy only because he durst not look a popular assembly in the face。
Demosthenes was a man of a feeble constitution�此 �his nerves were weak�察�
but his spirit was high�察 �and the energy and enthusiasm of his feelings
supported him through life and in death。
So much for Demosthenes。 Now for the orator of aristocracy。 I do
not wish to abuse Aeschines。 He may have been an honest man。 He was
certainly a great man�察�and I feel a reverence�察�of which Mr Mitford seems
to have no notion�察 �for great men of every party。 But�察 �when Mr Mitford
says that the private character of Aeschines was without stain�察 �does he
remember what Aeschines has himself confessed in his speech against
Timarchus�拭 �I can make allowances�察�as well as Mr Mitford�察�for persons
who lived under a different system of laws and morals�察 �but let them be
made impartially。 If Demosthenes is to be attacked on account of some
childish improprieties�察�proved only by the assertion of an antagonist�察�what
shall we say of those maturer vices which that antagonist has himself
acknowledged�拭 �Against the private character of Aeschines�察─ �says Mr
Mitford�察 �Demosthenes seems not to have had an insinuation to oppose。;
Has Mr Mitford ever read the speech of Demosthenes on the Embassy�拭�
Or can he have forgotten�察�what was never forgotten by anyone else who
ever read it�察�the story which Demosthenes relates with such terrible energy
of language concerning the drunken brutality of his rival�拭 �True or false�察�
here is something more than an insinuation�察�and nothing can vindicate the
historian�察 �who has overlooked it�察 �from the charge of negligence or of
partiality。 But Aeschines denied the story。 And did not Demosthenes
also deny the story respecting his childish nickname�察 �which Mr Mitford
has nevertheless told without any qualification�拭 �But the judges�察�or some
part of them�察 �showed�察�by their clamour�察�their disbelief of the relation of
Demosthenes。 And did not the judges�察 �who tried the cause between
Demosthenes and his guardians�察�indicate�察�in a much clearer manner�察�their
approbation of the prosecution�拭 �But Demosthenes was a demagogue�察�
and is to be slandered。 Aeschines was an aristocrat�察 �and is to be
panegyrised。 Is this a history�察�or a party´pamphlet�拭�
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THE MISCELLANEOUS WRITINGS AND SPEECHES OF LORD MACAULAY
These passages�察�all selected from a single page of Mr Mitford's work�察�
may give some notion to those readers�察 �who have not the means of
comparing his statements with the original authorities�察 �of his extreme
partiality and carelessness。 Indeed�察 �whenever this historian mentions
Demosthenes�察�he violates all the laws of candour and even of decency�察�he
weighs no authorities�察 �he makes no allowances�察 �he forgets the best
authenticated facts in the history of the times�察 �and the most generally
recognised principles of human nature。 The opposition of the great
orator to the policy of Philip he represents as neither more nor less than
deliberate villany。 I hold almost the same opinion with Mr Mitford
respecting the character and the views of that great and accomplished
prince。 But am I�察 �therefore�察 �to pronounce Demosthenes profligate and
insincere�拭 �Surely not。 Do we not perpetually see men of the greatest
talents and the purest intentions misled by national or factious prejudices�拭�
The most respectable people in England were�察�little more than forty years
ago�察 �in the habit of uttering the bitterest abuse against Washington and
Franklin。 It is certainly to be regretted that men should err so grossly in
their estimate of character。 But no person who knows anything of human
nature will impute such errors to depravity。
Mr Mitford is not more consistent with himself than with reason。
Though he is the advocate of all oligarchies�察�he is also a warm admirer of
all kings�察 �and of all citizens who raised themselves to that species of
sovereignty which the Greeks denominated tyranny。 If monarchy�察�as Mr
Mitford holds�察�be in itself a blessing�察�democracy must be a better form of
government than aristocracy�察�which is always opposed to the supremacy�察�
and even to the eminence�察�of individuals。 On the other hand�察�it is but one
step that separates the demagogue and the sovereign。
If this article had not extended itself to so great a length�察�I should offer
a few observations on some other peculiarities of this writer��his general
preference of the Barbarians to the Greeks��his predilection for Persians�察�
Carthaginians�察 �Thracians�察 �for all nations�察 �in short�察 �except that great and
enlightened nation of which he is the historian。 But I will confine myself
to a single topic。
Mr Mitford has remarked�察 �with truth and spirit�察 �that ;any history
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THE MISCELLANEOUS WRITINGS AND SPEECHES OF LORD MACAULAY
perfectly written�察�but especially a Grecian history perfectly written should
be a political institute for all nations。; It has not occurred to him that a
Grecian history�察�perfectly written�察�should also be a complete record of the
rise and progress of poetry�察 �philosophy�察 �and the arts。 Here his work is
extremely deficient。 Indeed�察�though it may seem a strange thing to say of
a gentleman who has published so many quartos�察 �Mr Mitford seems to
entertain a feeling�察 �bordering on contempt�察 �for literary and speculative
pursuits。 The talents of action almost exclusively attract his notice�察�and
he talks with very complacent disdain of ;the idle learned。; Homer�察�
indeed�察�he admires�察�but principally�察�I am afraid�察�because he is convinced
that Homer could neither read nor write。 He could not avoid speaking of
Socrates�察�but he has been far more solicitous to trace his death to political
causes�察�and to deduce from it consequences unfavourable to Athens�察�and to
popular governments�察�than to throw light on the character and doctrines of
the wonderful man�察�
;From whose mouth issued forth Mellifluous streams that watered all
the schools Of Academics�察�old and new�察�with those Surnamed Peripatetics�察�
and the sect Epicurean�察�and the Stoic severe。;
He does not seem to be aware that Demosthenes was a great orator�察�he
represents him sometimes as an aspirant demagogue�察 �sometimes as an
adroit negotiator�察 �and always as a great rogue。 But that in which the
Athenian excelled all men of all ages�察�that irresistible eloquence�察�which at
the distance of more than two thousand years stirs our blood�察�and brings
tears into our eyes�察 �he passes by with a few phrases of commonplace
commendation。 The origin of the drama�察 �the doctrines of the sophists�察�
the course of Athenian education�察 �the state of the arts and sciences�察 �the
whole domestic system of the Greeks�察�he has almost completely neglected。
Yet these things will appear�察�to a reflecting man�察�scarcely less worthy of
attention than the taking of Sphacteria or the discipline of the targeteers of
Iphicrates。
This�察�indeed�察�is a deficiency by no means peculiar to Mr Mitford。 Most
people seem to imagine that a detail of public occurrences the operations
of sieges´the changes of administrationsthe treatiesthe conspiracies
the rebellionsis a complete history。 Differences of definition are
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THE MISCELLANEOUS WRITINGS AND SPEECHES OF LORD MACAULAY
logically unimportant�察 �but practically they sometimes produce the most
momentous effects。 Thus it has been in the present case。 Historians
have�察 �almost without exception�察 �confined themselves to the public
transactions of states�察 �and have left to the negligent administration of
writers of fiction a province at least equally extensive and valuable。
All wise statesmen have agreed to consider the prosperity or adversity
of nations as made up of the happiness or misery of individuals�察 �and to
reject as chimerical all notions of a public interest of the community�察�
distinct from the interest of the component parts。 It is therefore strange
that those whose office it is to supply statesmen with examples and
warnings should omit�察 �as too mean for the dignity of history�察�
circumstances which exert the most extensive influence on the state of
society。 In general�察 �the under current of human life flows steadily on�察�
unruffled by the storms which agitate the surface。 The happiness of the
many commonly depends on causes independent of victories or defeats�察�of
revolutions or restorations��causes which can be regulated by no laws�察�
and which are recorded in no archives。 These causes are the things which
it is of main importance to us to know�察 �not how the Lacedaemonian
phalanx was broken at Leuctra��not whether Alexander died of poison or
by disease。 History�察�without these�察�is a shell without a kernel�察�and such is
almost all the history which is extant in the world。 Paltry skirmishes and
plots are reported with absurd and useless minuteness�察�but improvements
the most essential to the comfort of human life extend themselves over the
world�察 �and introduce themselves into every cottage�察 �before any annalist
can co