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             THE MISCELLANEOUS WRITINGS AND SPEECHES OF LORD MACAULAY 



to   decorate     oligarchy    and    tyranny�察   �avoided    the   judicial   and    political 

meetings      of   Athens     from    mere     timidity�察  �and    seems     to  have    hated 

democracy only because he durst not look a popular assembly in the face。 

Demosthenes was a man of a feeble constitution�此                  �his nerves were weak�察�

but   his   spirit   was   high�察  �and   the   energy   and   enthusiasm   of   his   feelings 

supported him through life and in death。 

     So much for Demosthenes。              Now for the orator of aristocracy。            I do 

not wish to abuse Aeschines。            He may have been an honest man。 He was 

certainly a great man�察�and I feel a reverence�察�of which Mr Mitford seems 

to   have   no   notion�察  �for   great   men   of   every   party。   But�察  �when   Mr   Mitford 

says   that   the   private   character   of   Aeschines   was   without   stain�察  �does   he 

remember   what   Aeschines   has   himself   confessed   in   his   speech   against 

Timarchus�拭       �I can make allowances�察�as well as Mr Mitford�察�for persons 

who   lived   under   a   different   system  of   laws   and   morals�察  �but   let   them  be 

made impartially。        If Demosthenes is to be attacked on account of some 

childish improprieties�察�proved only by the assertion of an antagonist�察�what 

shall   we   say   of   those   maturer   vices   which   that   antagonist   has   himself 

acknowledged�拭          �Against   the   private   character   of   Aeschines�察─  �says   Mr 

Mitford�察 �Demosthenes seems not to have had an insinuation to oppose。; 

Has   Mr   Mitford   ever   read   the   speech of   Demosthenes on   the   Embassy�拭�

Or can he have forgotten�察�what was never forgotten by anyone else who 

ever read it�察�the story which Demosthenes relates with such terrible energy 

of language concerning the drunken brutality of his rival�拭                  �True or false�察�

here is something more than an insinuation�察�and nothing can vindicate the 

historian�察  �who   has   overlooked   it�察  �from   the   charge   of   negligence   or   of 

partiality。    But Aeschines   denied   the   story。        And   did   not   Demosthenes 

also deny  the   story  respecting   his   childish   nickname�察  �which   Mr   Mitford 

has nevertheless told without any qualification�拭               �But the judges�察�or some 

part of them�察 �showed�察�by  their   clamour�察�their   disbelief   of the   relation of 

Demosthenes。         And     did  not   the   judges�察  �who    tried  the   cause   between 

Demosthenes and his guardians�察�indicate�察�in a much clearer manner�察�their 

approbation   of   the   prosecution�拭       �But   Demosthenes   was   a   demagogue�察�

and    is  to   be  slandered。      Aeschines       was   an   aristocrat�察  �and    is  to  be 

panegyrised。       Is this a history�察�or a party´pamphlet�拭�



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             THE MISCELLANEOUS WRITINGS AND SPEECHES OF LORD MACAULAY 



     These passages�察�all selected from a single page of Mr Mitford's work�察�

may     give   some     notion    to  those   readers�察   �who    have    not   the  means     of 

comparing   his   statements         with   the   original   authorities�察  �of   his   extreme 

partiality    and    carelessness。     Indeed�察     �whenever      this  historian    mentions 

Demosthenes�察�he violates all the laws of candour and even of decency�察�he 

weighs      no   authorities�察   �he   makes     no   allowances�察     �he   forgets    the   best 

authenticated   facts   in   the   history   of   the   times�察  �and   the   most   generally 

recognised       principles    of  human      nature。    The     opposition     of   the  great 

orator to the policy of Philip he represents as neither more nor less than 

deliberate     villany。    I   hold   almost     the  same     opinion    with   Mr    Mitford 

respecting   the   character   and   the   views   of   that   great   and   accomplished 

prince。     But   am   I�察  �therefore�察  �to   pronounce   Demosthenes   profligate   and 

insincere�拭     �Surely  not。      Do   we   not   perpetually  see   men   of   the   greatest 

talents and the purest intentions misled by national or factious prejudices�拭�

The most respectable people in England were�察�little more than forty years 

ago�察  �in   the   habit   of   uttering   the   bitterest   abuse   against   Washington   and 

Franklin。      It is certainly to be regretted that men should err so grossly in 

their estimate of character。         But no person who knows anything of human 

nature will impute such errors to depravity。 

     Mr   Mitford      is   not   more   consistent   with   himself   than   with      reason。 

Though he is the advocate of all oligarchies�察�he is also a warm admirer of 

all   kings�察  �and   of   all   citizens   who   raised   themselves   to   that   species   of 

sovereignty which the Greeks denominated tyranny。                      If monarchy�察�as Mr 

Mitford holds�察�be in itself a blessing�察�democracy must be a better form of 

government than aristocracy�察�which is always opposed to the supremacy�察�

and even to the eminence�察�of individuals。               On the other hand�察�it is but one 

step that separates the demagogue and the sovereign。 

     If this article had not extended itself to so great a length�察�I should offer 

a few observations on some other peculiarities of this writer��his general 

preference of the Barbarians to the Greeks��his predilection for Persians�察�

Carthaginians�察  �Thracians�察  �for   all   nations�察  �in   short�察  �except   that   great   and 

enlightened nation of which he is the historian。                But I will confine myself 

to a single topic。 

     Mr    Mitford     has   remarked�察     �with   truth   and   spirit�察 �that  ;any    history 



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             THE MISCELLANEOUS WRITINGS AND SPEECHES OF LORD MACAULAY 



perfectly written�察�but especially a Grecian history perfectly written should 

be a political institute for all nations。;          It has not occurred to him that a 

Grecian history�察�perfectly written�察�should also be a complete record of the 

rise   and   progress   of   poetry�察  �philosophy�察  �and   the   arts。  Here   his   work   is 

extremely deficient。        Indeed�察�though it may seem a strange thing to say of 

a   gentleman   who   has   published   so   many   quartos�察  �Mr   Mitford   seems   to 

entertain   a   feeling�察  �bordering   on   contempt�察  �for   literary   and   speculative 

pursuits。     The talents of action almost exclusively attract his notice�察�and 

he   talks   with   very   complacent      disdain   of   ;the   idle   learned。;    Homer�察�

indeed�察�he admires�察�but principally�察�I am afraid�察�because he is convinced 

that Homer could neither read nor write。              He could not avoid speaking of 

Socrates�察�but he has been far more solicitous to trace his death to political 

causes�察�and to deduce from it consequences unfavourable to Athens�察�and to 

popular governments�察�than to throw light on the character and doctrines of 

the wonderful man�察�

     ;From whose mouth issued forth Mellifluous streams that watered all 

the schools Of Academics�察�old and new�察�with those Surnamed Peripatetics�察�

and the sect Epicurean�察�and the Stoic severe。; 

     He does not seem to be aware that Demosthenes was a great orator�察�he 

represents   him   sometimes   as   an   aspirant   demagogue�察  �sometimes   as   an 

adroit   negotiator�察  �and   always   as   a   great   rogue。    But   that   in   which   the 

Athenian excelled all men of all ages�察�that irresistible eloquence�察�which at 

the distance of more than two thousand years stirs our blood�察�and brings 

tears   into   our   eyes�察  �he   passes   by   with   a   few   phrases   of   commonplace 

commendation。          The   origin   of   the   drama�察  �the   doctrines   of   the   sophists�察�

the   course   of Athenian   education�察  �the   state   of   the   arts   and   sciences�察  �the 

whole domestic system of the Greeks�察�he has almost completely neglected。 

Yet these things will appear�察�to a reflecting man�察�scarcely less worthy of 

attention than the taking of Sphacteria or the discipline of the targeteers of 

Iphicrates。 

     This�察�indeed�察�is a deficiency by no means peculiar to Mr Mitford。 Most 

people seem to imagine that a detail of public occurrences the operations 

of sieges´the changes of administrationsthe treatiesthe conspiracies 

the    rebellionsis    a   complete     history。     Differences      of   definition    are 



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             THE MISCELLANEOUS WRITINGS AND SPEECHES OF LORD MACAULAY 



logically   unimportant�察  �but   practically   they   sometimes   produce   the   most 

momentous   effects。          Thus   it   has   been   in   the   present   case。   Historians 

have�察    �almost     without     exception�察     �confined     themselves       to   the   public 

transactions   of   states�察  �and   have   left   to   the   negligent   administration   of 

writers of fiction a province at least equally extensive and valuable。 

     All wise statesmen have agreed to consider the prosperity or adversity 

of   nations   as   made   up of   the happiness   or   misery  of   individuals�察 �and   to 

reject   as   chimerical   all   notions   of   a   public   interest   of   the   community�察�

distinct from the interest of the component parts。                   It is therefore strange 

that    those   whose     office   it  is  to  supply     statesmen     with    examples      and 

warnings        should     omit�察   �as    too    mean     for    the   dignity     of    history�察�

circumstances   which   exert   the   most   extensive   influence   on   the   state   of 

society。     In   general�察  �the   under   current   of   human   life   flows   steadily   on�察�

unruffled by the storms which agitate the surface。                   The happiness of the 

many commonly depends on causes independent of victories or defeats�察�of 

revolutions   or   restorations��causes   which   can   be   regulated   by   no   laws�察�

and which are recorded in no archives。 These causes are the things which 

it   is   of  main   importance   to   us   to   know�察  �not     how   the    Lacedaemonian 

phalanx was broken at Leuctra��not whether Alexander died of poison or 

by disease。 History�察�without these�察�is a shell without a kernel�察�and such is 

almost all the history which is extant in the world。                 Paltry skirmishes and 

plots are reported with absurd and useless minuteness�察�but improvements 

the most essential to the comfort of human life extend themselves over the 

world�察  �and   introduce   themselves   into   every   cottage�察  �before   any   annalist 

can     co

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