second treatise of government-及4嫗
梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
he cannot part with it�察�but by what forfeits his preservation and life together�此�for a man�察�not having the power of his own life�察�cannot�察�by compact�察�or his own consent�察 �enslave himself to any one�察�nor put himself under the absolute�察 �arbitrary power of another�察�to take away his life�察�when he pleases。 No body can give more power than he has himself�察�and he that cannot take away his own life�察�cannot give another power over it。 Indeed�察�having by his fault forfeited his own life�察�by some act that deserves death�察�he�察�to whom he has forfeited it�察 �may ��when he has him in his power�� delay to take it�察�and make use of him to his own service�察�and he does him no injury by it�此�for�察 �whenever he finds the hardship of his slavery outweigh the value of his life�察�it is in his power�察�by resisting the will of his master�察�to draw on himself the death he desires。 Sec。 24。 This is the perfect condition of slavery�察�which is nothing else�察�but the state of war continued�察�between a lawful conqueror and a captive�此�for�察�if once compact enter between them�察�and make an agreement for a limited power on the one side�察�and obedience on the other�察�the state of war and slavery ceases�察�as long as the compact endures�此�for�察�as has been said�察�no man can�察�by agreement�察�pass over to another that which he hath not in himself�察�a power over his own life。 I confess�察�we find among the Jews�察�as well as other nations�察 �that men did sell themselves�察�but�察�it is plain�察�this was only to drudgery�察�not to slavery�此�for�察�it is evident�察�the person sold was not under an absolute�察�arbitrary�察�despotical power�此�for the master could not have power to kill him�察�at any time�察�whom�察�at a certain time�察�he was obliged to let go free out of his service�察 �and the master of such a servant was so far from having an arbitrary power over his life�察�that he could not�察�at pleasure�察�so much as maim him�察�but the loss of an eye�察�or tooth�察�set him free�察 �Exod。 xxi。
CHAP。 V。
Of PROPERTY。
Sec。 25。 Whether we consider natural reason�察�which tells us�察�that men�察�being once born�察�have a right to their preservation�察�and consequently to meat and drink�察�and such other things as nature affords for their subsistence�此�or revelation�察 �which gives us an account of those grants God made of the world to Adam�察�and to Noah�察�and his sons�察�it is very clear�察�that God�察�as king David says�察�Psal。 cxv。 16。 has given the earth to the children of men�察�given it to mankind in common。 But this being supposed�察�it seems to some a very great difficulty�察 �how any one should ever come to have a property in any thing�此�I will not content myself to answer�察�that if it be difficult to make out property�察�upon a supposition that God gave the world to Adam�察�and his posterity in common�察�it is impossible that any man�察�but one universal monarch�察�should have any property upon a supposition�察�that God gave the world to Adam�察�and his heirs in succession�察�exclusive of all the rest of his posterity。 But I shall endeavour to shew�察�how men might come to have a property in several parts of that which God gave to mankind in common�察�and that without any express compact of all the commoners。 Sec。 26。 God�察�who hath given the world to men in common�察 �hath also given them reason to make use of it to the best advantage of life�察�and convenience。 The earth�察�and all that is therein�察�is given to men for the support and comfort of their being。 And tho' all the fruits it naturally produces�察�and beasts it feeds�察�belong to mankind in common�察�as they are produced by the spontaneous hand of nature�察�and no body has originally a private dominion�察�exclusive of the rest of mankind�察�in any of them�察�as they are thus in their natural state�此�yet being given for the use of men�察�there must of necessity be a means to appropriate them some way or other�察�before they can be of any use�察�or at all beneficial to any particular man。 The fruit�察�or venison�察�which nourishes the wild Indian�察�who knows no enclosure�察�and is still a tenant in common�察�must be his�察�and so his�察�i。e。 a part of him�察�that another can no longer have any right to it�察�before it can do him any good for the support of his life。 Sec。 27。 Though the earth�察�and all inferior creatures�察�be common to all men�察�yet every man has a property in his own person�此�this no body has any right to but himself。 The labour of his body�察�and the work of his hands�察�we may say�察 �are properly his。 Whatsoever then he removes out of the state that nature hath provided�察�and left it in�察�he hath mixed his labour with�察�and joined to it something that is his own�察�and thereby makes it his property。 It being by him removed from the common state nature hath placed it in�察�it hath by this labour something annexed to it�察�that excludes the common right of other men�此�for this labour being the unquestionable property of the labourer�察�no man but he can have a right to what that is once joined to�察�at least where there is enough�察�and as good�察�left in common for others。 Sec。 28。 He that is nourished by the acorns he picked up under an oak�察�or the apples he gathered from the trees in the wood�察�has certainly appropriated them to himself。 No body can deny but the nourishment is his。 I ask then�察�when did they begin to be his�拭�when he digested�拭�or when he eat�拭�or when he boiled�拭 �or when he brought them home�拭�or when he picked them up�拭�and it is plain�察�if the first gathering made them not his�察�nothing else could。 That labour put a distinction between them and common�此 �that added something to them more than nature�察�the common mother of all�察�had done�察�and so they became his private right。 And will any one say�察�he had no right to those acorns or apples�察�he thus appropriated�察�because he had not the consent of all mankind to make them his�拭 �Was it a robbery thus to assume to himself what belonged to all in common�拭 �If such a consent as that was necessary�察�man had starved�察�notwithstanding the plenty God had given him。 We see in commons�察�which remain so by compact�察�that it is the taking any part of what is common�察�and removing it out of the state nature leaves it in�察�which begins the property�察 �without which the common is of no use。 And the taking of this or that part�察�does not depend on the express consent of all the commoners。 Thus the grass my horse has bit�察�the turfs my servant has cut�察�and the ore I have digged in any place�察�where I have a right to them in common with others�察�become my property�察 �without the assignation or consent of any body。 The labour that was mine�察�removing them out of that common state they were in�察�hath fixed my property in them。 Sec。 29。 By making an explicit consent of every commoner�察 �necessary to any one's appropriating to himself any part of what is given in common�察�children or servants could not cut the meat�察 �which their father or master had provided for them in common�察�
without assigning to every one his peculiar part。 Though the water running in the fountain be every one's�察�yet who can doubt�察 �but that in the pitcher is his only who drew it out�拭 �His labour hath taken it out of the hands of nature�察�where it was common�察�and belonged equally to all her children�察�and hath thereby appropriated it to himself。 Sec。 30。 Thus this law of reason makes the deer that Indian's who hath killed it�察�it is allowed to be his goods�察�who hath bestowed his labour upon it�察�though before it was the common right of every one。 And amongst those who are counted the civilized part of mankind�察�who have made and multiplied positive laws to determine property�察�this original law of nature�察�for the beginning of property�察�in what was before common�察�still takes place�察�and by virtue thereof�察�what fish any one catches in the ocean�察�that great and still remaining common of mankind�察�or what ambergrise any one takes up here�察�is by the labour that removes it out of that common state nature left it in�察�made his property�察�who takes that pains about it。 And even amongst us�察 �the hare that any one is hunting�察�is thought his who pursues her during the chase�此�for being a beast that is still looked upon as common�察�and no man's private possession�察�whoever has employed so much labour about any of that kind�察�as to find and pursue her�察 �has thereby removed her from the state of nature�察�wherein she was common�察�and hath begun a property。 Sec。 31。 It will perhaps be objected to this�察�that if gathering the acorns�察�or other fruits of the earth�察�&c。 makes a right to them�察�then any one may ingross as much as he will。 To which I answer�察�Not so。 The same law of nature�察�that does by this means give us property�察�does also bound that property too。 God has given us all things richly�察�1 Tim。 vi。 12。 is the voice of reason confirmed by inspiration。 But how far has he given it us�拭 �To enjoy。 As much as any one can make use of to any advantage of life before it spoils�察�so much he may by his Tabour fix a property in�此�whatever is beyond this�察�is more than his share�察�and belongs to others。 Nothing was made by God for man to spoil or destroy。 And thus�察�considering the plenty of natural provisions there was a long time in the world�察�and the few spenders�察�and to how small a part of that provision the industry of one man could extend itself�察�and ingross it to the prejudice of others�察�especially keeping within the bounds�察�set by reason�察�of what might serve for his use�察�there could be then little room for quarrels or contentions about property so established。 Sec。 32。 But the chief matter of property being now not the fruits of the earth�察�and the beasts that subsist on it�察�but the earth itself�察�as that which takes in and carries with it all the rest�察�I think it is plain�察�that property in that too is acquired as the former。 As much land as a man tills�察�plants�察 �improves�察�cultivates�察�and can use the product of�察�so much is his property。 He by his labour does�察�as it were�察�inclose it from the common。 Nor will it invalidate his right�察�to say every body else has an equal title to it�察�and therefore he cannot appropriate�察�he cannot inclose�察�without the consent of all his fellow´commoners�察�all mankind。 God�察�when he gave the world in common to all mankind�察�commanded man also to labour�察�and the penury of his condition required it of him。 God and his reason commanded him to subdue the earth�察�i。e。 improve it for the benefit of life�察�and therein lay out something upon it that was his own�察�his labour。 He that in obedience to this command of God�察�subdued�察�tilled and sowed any part of it�察�thereby annexed to it something that was his property�察�which another had no title to�察�nor could without injury take from him。 Sec。 33。 Nor was this appropriation of any parcel of land�察�by improving it�察�any prejudice to any other man�察�since there was still enough�察�and as good left�察�and more than the yet unprovided could use。 So that�察�in effect�察�there was never the
less left for others because of his enclosure for himself�此�for he that leaves as much as another can make use of�察�does as good as take nothing at all。 No body could think himself injured by the drinking of another man�察�though he took a good draught�察�who had a whole river of the same water left him to quen