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second treatise of government-及4嫗

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he cannot part with it�察�but by what forfeits his  preservation and life together�此�for a man�察�not having the power  of his own life�察�cannot�察�by compact�察�or his own consent�察 �enslave himself to any one�察�nor put himself under the absolute�察 �arbitrary power of another�察�to take away his life�察�when he  pleases。  No body can give more power than he has himself�察�and he  that cannot take away his own life�察�cannot give another power  over it。  Indeed�察�having by his fault forfeited his own life�察�by  some act that deserves death�察�he�察�to whom he has forfeited it�察 �may ��when he has him in his power�� delay to take it�察�and make use  of him to his own service�察�and he does him no injury by it�此�for�察 �whenever he finds the hardship of his slavery outweigh the value  of his life�察�it is in his power�察�by resisting the will of his  master�察�to draw on himself the death he desires。      Sec。 24。  This is the perfect condition of slavery�察�which  is nothing else�察�but the state of war continued�察�between a  lawful conqueror and a captive�此�for�察�if once compact enter  between them�察�and make an agreement for a limited power on the  one side�察�and obedience on the other�察�the state of war and  slavery ceases�察�as long as the compact endures�此�for�察�as has been  said�察�no man can�察�by agreement�察�pass over to another that which  he hath not in himself�察�a power over his own life。  I confess�察�we find among the Jews�察�as well as other nations�察 �that men did sell themselves�察�but�察�it is plain�察�this was only to  drudgery�察�not to slavery�此�for�察�it is evident�察�the person sold  was not under an absolute�察�arbitrary�察�despotical power�此�for the  master could not have power to kill him�察�at any time�察�whom�察�at a  certain time�察�he was obliged to let go free out of his service�察 �and the master of such a servant was so far from having an  arbitrary power over his life�察�that he could not�察�at pleasure�察�so  much as maim him�察�but the loss of an eye�察�or tooth�察�set him free�察 �Exod。 xxi。



                        CHAP。  V。

                      Of PROPERTY。

     Sec。 25。  Whether we consider natural reason�察�which tells  us�察�that men�察�being once born�察�have a right to their  preservation�察�and consequently to meat and drink�察�and such other  things as nature affords for their subsistence�此�or revelation�察 �which gives us an account of those grants God made of the world  to Adam�察�and to Noah�察�and his sons�察�it is very clear�察�that  God�察�as king David says�察�Psal。 cxv。  16。  has given the  earth to the children of men�察�given it to mankind in common。  But  this being supposed�察�it seems to some a very great difficulty�察 �how any one should ever come to have a property in any thing�此�I  will not content myself to answer�察�that if it be difficult to  make out property�察�upon a supposition that God gave the world  to Adam�察�and his posterity in common�察�it is impossible that any  man�察�but one universal monarch�察�should have any property upon a  supposition�察�that God gave the world to Adam�察�and his heirs in  succession�察�exclusive of all the rest of his posterity。  But I  shall endeavour to shew�察�how men might come to have a property  in several parts of that which God gave to mankind in common�察�and  that without any express compact of all the commoners。      Sec。 26。  God�察�who hath given the world to men in common�察 �hath also given them reason to make use of it to the best  advantage of life�察�and convenience。  The earth�察�and all that is  therein�察�is given to men for the support and comfort of their  being。  And tho' all the fruits it naturally produces�察�and beasts  it feeds�察�belong to mankind in common�察�as they are produced by  the spontaneous hand of nature�察�and no body has originally a  private dominion�察�exclusive of the rest of mankind�察�in any of  them�察�as they are thus in their natural state�此�yet being given  for the use of men�察�there must of necessity be a means to  appropriate them some way or other�察�before they can be of any  use�察�or at all beneficial to any particular man。  The fruit�察�or  venison�察�which nourishes the wild Indian�察�who knows no  enclosure�察�and is still a tenant in common�察�must be his�察�and so  his�察�i。e。 a part of him�察�that another can no longer have any  right to it�察�before it can do him any good for the support of his  life。      Sec。 27。  Though the earth�察�and all inferior creatures�察�be  common to all men�察�yet every man has a property in his own  person�此�this no body has any right to but himself。  The  labour of his body�察�and the work of his hands�察�we may say�察 �are properly his。  Whatsoever then he removes out of the state  that nature hath provided�察�and left it in�察�he hath mixed his  labour with�察�and joined to it something that is his own�察�and  thereby makes it his property。  It being by him removed from  the common state nature hath placed it in�察�it hath by this  labour something annexed to it�察�that excludes the common right  of other men�此�for this labour being the unquestionable property  of the labourer�察�no man but he can have a right to what that is  once joined to�察�at least where there is enough�察�and as good�察�left  in common for others。      Sec。 28。  He that is nourished by the acorns he picked up  under an oak�察�or the apples he gathered from the trees in the  wood�察�has certainly appropriated them to himself。  No body can  deny but the nourishment is his。  I ask then�察�when did they begin  to be his�拭�when he digested�拭�or when he eat�拭�or when he boiled�拭 �or when he brought them home�拭�or when he picked them up�拭�and it  is plain�察�if the first gathering made them not his�察�nothing else  could。  That labour put a distinction between them and common�此 �that added something to them more than nature�察�the common mother  of all�察�had done�察�and so they became his private right。  And will  any one say�察�he had no right to those acorns or apples�察�he thus  appropriated�察�because he had not the consent of all mankind to  make them his�拭 �Was it a robbery thus to assume to himself what  belonged to all in common�拭 �If such a consent as that was  necessary�察�man had starved�察�notwithstanding the plenty God had  given him。  We see in commons�察�which remain so by compact�察�that  it is the taking any part of what is common�察�and removing it out  of the state nature leaves it in�察�which begins the property�察 �without which the common is of no use。  And the taking of this or  that part�察�does not depend on the express consent of all the  commoners。  Thus the grass my horse has bit�察�the turfs my servant  has cut�察�and the ore I have digged in any place�察�where I have a  right to them in common with others�察�become my property�察 �without the assignation or consent of any body。  The labour  that was mine�察�removing them out of that common state they were  in�察�hath fixed my property in them。      Sec。 29。  By making an explicit consent of every commoner�察 �necessary to any one's appropriating to himself any part of what  is given in common�察�children or servants could not cut the meat�察 �which their father or master had provided for them in common�察�

without assigning to every one his peculiar part。  Though the  water running in the fountain be every one's�察�yet who can doubt�察 �but that in the pitcher is his only who drew it out�拭 �His  labour hath taken it out of the hands of nature�察�where it was  common�察�and belonged equally to all her children�察�and hath  thereby appropriated it to himself。      Sec。 30。  Thus this law of reason makes the deer that  Indian's who hath killed it�察�it is allowed to be his goods�察�who  hath bestowed his labour upon it�察�though before it was the common  right of every one。  And amongst those who are counted the  civilized part of mankind�察�who have made and multiplied positive  laws to determine property�察�this original law of nature�察�for  the beginning of property�察�in what was before common�察�still  takes place�察�and by virtue thereof�察�what fish any one catches in  the ocean�察�that great and still remaining common of mankind�察�or  what ambergrise any one takes up here�察�is by the labour that  removes it out of that common state nature left it in�察�made his  property�察�who takes that pains about it。  And even amongst us�察 �the hare that any one is hunting�察�is thought his who pursues her  during the chase�此�for being a beast that is still looked upon as  common�察�and no man's private possession�察�whoever has employed so  much labour about any of that kind�察�as to find and pursue her�察 �has thereby removed her from the state of nature�察�wherein she was  common�察�and hath begun a property。      Sec。 31。  It will perhaps be objected to this�察�that if  gathering the acorns�察�or other fruits of the earth�察�&c。 makes a  right to them�察�then any one may ingross as much as he will。  To  which I answer�察�Not so。  The same law of nature�察�that does by  this means give us property�察�does also bound that property  too。  God has given us all things richly�察�1 Tim。  vi。  12。  is  the voice of reason confirmed by inspiration。  But how far has he  given it us�拭 �To enjoy。  As much as any one can make use of to  any advantage of life before it spoils�察�so much he may by his  Tabour fix a property in�此�whatever is beyond this�察�is more than  his share�察�and belongs to others。  Nothing was made by God for  man to spoil or destroy。  And thus�察�considering the plenty of  natural provisions there was a long time in the world�察�and the  few spenders�察�and to how small a part of that provision the  industry of one man could extend itself�察�and ingross it to the  prejudice of others�察�especially keeping within the bounds�察�set  by reason�察�of what might serve for his use�察�there could be then  little room for quarrels or contentions about property so  established。      Sec。 32。  But the chief matter of property being now not  the fruits of the earth�察�and the beasts that subsist on it�察�but  the earth itself�察�as that which takes in and carries with it  all the rest�察�I think it is plain�察�that property in that too is  acquired as the former。  As much land as a man tills�察�plants�察 �improves�察�cultivates�察�and can use the product of�察�so much is his  property。  He by his labour does�察�as it were�察�inclose it from  the common。  Nor will it invalidate his right�察�to say every body  else has an equal title to it�察�and therefore he cannot  appropriate�察�he cannot inclose�察�without the consent of all his  fellow´commoners�察�all mankind。  God�察�when he gave the world in  common to all mankind�察�commanded man also to labour�察�and the  penury of his condition required it of him。  God and his reason  commanded him to subdue the earth�察�i。e。 improve it for the  benefit of life�察�and therein lay out something upon it that was  his own�察�his labour。  He that in obedience to this command of  God�察�subdued�察�tilled and sowed any part of it�察�thereby annexed to  it something that was his property�察�which another had no title  to�察�nor could without injury take from him。      Sec。 33。  Nor was this appropriation of any parcel of  land�察�by improving it�察�any prejudice to any other man�察�since  there was still enough�察�and as good left�察�and more than the yet  unprovided could use。  So that�察�in effect�察�there was never the 

less left for others because of his enclosure for himself�此�for he  that leaves as much as another can make use of�察�does as good as  take nothing at all。  No body could think himself injured by the  drinking of another man�察�though he took a good draught�察�who had a  whole river of the same water left him to quen

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