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second treatise of government-及3嫗

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ces and rulers of independent governments all through the  world�察�are in a  state  of nature�察�it is plain the world never  was�察�nor ever will be�察�without numbers of men in that state。  I  have named all governors of independent communities�察�whether  they are�察�or are  not�察 �in  league with others�此�for it is not  every compact that puts an end to the state of nature between  men�察�but only this one  of  agreeing  together mutually to enter  into one community�察�and make one body politic�察�other promises�察 �and compacts�察�men  may  make  one  with  another�察�and yet still  be in the state of nature。  The promises and bargains for truck�察 �&c。 between the two men in the desert island�察�mentioned by  Garcilasso de la Vega�察�in his history of Peru�察�or between a  Swiss and an Indian�察�in the woods of America�察�are binding  to them�察�though they are perfectly in a state of nature�察�in  reference to one another�此�for truth and keeping of faith belongs  to men�察�as men�察�and not as members of society。      Sect。 15。 To those that say�察�there were never any men in the  state of nature�察�I will not only oppose the authority  of  the   judicious Hooker�察�Eccl。 Pol。 lib。 i。 sect。 10�察�where he says�察 �The laws which have been hitherto mentioned�察�i。e。 the laws of  nature�察�do bind men absolutely�察�even as they are men�察�although  they have never any settled fellowship�察�never  any  solemn   agreement  amongst  themselves what to do�察�or not to do�此�but  forasmuch as we are not by ourselves sufficient to furnish  ourselves with competent store of things�察�needful for such a life  as our nature doth desire�察�a life fit for the dignity of man�察 �therefore to supply those defects and imperfections which are in  us�察�as living single and solely by ourselves�察�we are naturally  induced to seek communion and fellowship with  others�此 �this  was  the cause of men's uniting themselves at first in politic  societies。  But I moreover affirm�察�that all men are  naturally   in  that  state�察 �and  remain so�察�till by their own consents they  make themselves members of some politic society�察�and I doubt not  in the sequel of this discourse�察�to make it very clear。   ´


                          C H A P。 I I I。                                                       Of the State of War。

     16。 THE state of war is a state of enmity and  destruction�此�and therefore declaring by word or action�察�not a  passionate and hasty�察�but a sedate settled design upon another  man's life�察�puts him in a state of war with him against whom he  has declared such an intention�察�and so has exposed his life to  the other's power to be taken away by him�察�or any one that joins  with him in his defence�察�and espouses his quarrel�察�it being  reasonable and just�察�I should have a right to destroy that which  threatens me with destruction�此�for�察�by the fundamental law of  nature�察�man being to be preserved as much as possible�察�when all  cannot be preserved�察�the safety of the innocent is to be  preferred�此�and one may destroy a man who makes war upon him�察�or  has discovered an enmity to his being�察�for the same reason that  he may kill a wolf or a lion�察�because such men are not under  the ties of the commonlaw of reason�察�have no other rule�察�but that  of force and violence�察�and so may be treated as beasts of prey�察 �those dangerous and noxious creatures�察�that will be sure to  destroy him whenever he falls into their power。      Sect�察�17。 And hence it is�察�that he who attempts to get  another man into his absolute power�察�does thereby put himself  into a state of war with him�察�it being to be understood as a  declaration of a design upon his life�此�for I have reason to  conclude�察�that he who would get me into his power without my  consent�察�would use me as he pleased when he had got me there�察�and  destroy me too when he had a fancy to it�察�for no body can desire  to have me in his absolute power�察�unless it be to compel me by  force to that which is against the right of my freedom�察�i。e。  make me a slave。  To be free from such force is the only security  of my preservation�察�and reason bids me look on him�察�as an enemy  to my preservation�察�who would take away that freedom which is  the fence to it�察�so that he who makes an attempt to enslave me�察 �thereby puts himself into a state of war with me。  He that�察�in  the state of nature�察�would take away the freedom that belongs  to any one in that state�察�must necessarily be supposed to have a  foundationtofeallathevrest��hasghelthat��hin theestateeofgsociety�察 �would take away the freedom belonging to those of that society  or commonwealth�察�must be supposed to design to take away from  them every thing else�察�and so be looked on as in a state of war。      Sec。 18。  This makes it lawful for a man to kill a thief�察 �who has not in the least hurt him�察�nor declared any design upon  his life�察�any farther than�察�by the use of force�察�so to get him in  his power�察�as to take away his money�察�or what he pleases�察�from  him�察�because using force�察�where he has no right�察�to get me into  his power�察�let his pretence be what it will�察�I have no reason to  suppose�察�that he�察�who would take away my liberty�察�would not�察 �when he had me in his power�察�take away every thing else。  And  therefore it is lawful for me to treat him as one who has put  himself into a state of war with me�察�i。e。  kill him if I can�察 �for to that hazard does he justly expose himself�察�whoever  introduces a state of war�察�and is aggressor in it。      Sec。 19。  And here we have the plain difference between the  state of nature and the state of war�察�which however some men  have confounded�察�are as far distant�察�as a state of peace�察�good  will�察�mutual assistance and preservation�察�and a state of enmity�察 �malice�察�violence and mutual destruction�察�are one from another。   Men living together according to reason�察�without a common  superior on earth�察�with authority to judge between them�察�is  properly the state of nature。  But force�察�or a declared design  of force�察�upon the person of another�察�where there is no common  superior on earth to appeal to for relief�察�is the state of war�此 �and it is the want of such an appeal gives a man the right of war  even against an aggressor�察�tho' he be in society and a fellow  subject。  Thus a thief�察�whom I cannot harm�察�but by appeal to  the law�察�for having stolen all that I am worth�察�I may kill�察�when  he sets on me to rob me but of my horse or coat�察�because the law�察 �which was made for my preservation�察�where it cannot interpose to  secure my life from present force�察�which�察�if lost�察�is capable of  no reparation�察�permits me my own defence�察�and the right of war�察�a  liberty to kill the aggressor�察�because the aggressor allows not  time to appeal to our common judge�察�nor the decision of the law�察 �for remedy in a case where the mischief may be irreparable。  Want  of a common judge with authority�察�puts all men in a state of  nature�此�force without right�察�upon a man's person�察�makes a state  of war�察�both where there is�察�and is not�察�a common judge。      Sec。 20。  But when the actual force is over�察�the state of  war ceases between those that are in society�察�and are equally on  both sides subjected to the fair determination of the law�察 �because then there lies open the remedy of appeal for the past  injury�察�and to prevent future harm�此�but where no such appeal is�察 �as in the state of nature�察�for want of positive laws�察�and judges  with authority to appeal to�察�the state of war once begun�察 �continues�察�with a right to the innocent party to destroy the  other whenever he can�察�until the aggressor offers peace�察�and  desires reconciliation on such terms as may repair any wrongs he  has already done�察�and secure the innocent for the future�察�nay�察 �where an appeal to the law�察�and constituted judges�察�lies open�察 �but the remedy is denied by a manifest perverting of justice�察�and  a barefaced wresting of the laws to protect or indemnify the  violence or injuries of some men�察�or party of men�察�there it is  hard to imagine any thing but a state of war�此�for wherever  violence is used�察�and injury done�察�though by hands appointed to  administer justice�察�it is still violence and injury�察�however  coloured with the name�察�pretences�察�or forms of law�察�the end  whereof being to protect and redress the innocent�察�by an  unbiassed application of it�察�to all who are under it�察�wherever  that is not bona fide done�察�war is made upon the sufferers�察�who  having no appeal on earth to right them�察�they are left to the  only remedy in such cases�察�an appeal to heaven。      Sec。 21。  To avoid this state of war ��wherein there is no  appeal but to heaven�察�and wherein every the least difference is  apt to end�察�where there is no authority to decide between the  contenders�� is one great reason of men's putting themselves into  society�察�and quitting the state of nature�此�for where there is an  authority�察�a power on earth�察�from which relief can be had by  appeal�察�there the continuance of the state of war is excluded�察 �and the controversy is decided by that power。  Had there been any  such court�察�any superior jurisdiction on earth�察�to determine the  right between Jephtha and the Ammonites�察�they had never come to a  state of war�此�but we see he was forced to appeal to heaven。  The  Lord the Judge ��says he�� be judge this day between the children  of Israel and the children of Ammon�察�Judg。  xi。  27。  and then  prosecuting�察�and relying on his appeal�察�he leads out his army to  battle�此�and therefore in such controversies�察�where the question  is put�察�who shall be judge�拭 �It cannot be meant�察�who shall decide  the controversy�察�every one knows what Jephtha here tells us�察�that  the Lord the Judge shall judge。  Where there is no judge on  earth�察�the appeal lies to God in heaven。  That question then  cannot mean�察�who shall judge�察�whether another hath put himself in  a state of war with me�察�and whether I may�察�as Jephtha did�察�appeal  to heaven in it�拭�of that I myself can only be judge in my own  conscience�察�as I will answer it�察�at the great day�察�to the supreme  judge of all men。



                          CHAP。  IV。

                          Of SLAVERY。

     Sec。 22。  THE natural liberty of man is to be free from any  superior power on earth�察�and not to be under the will or  legislative authority of man�察�but to have only the law of nature  for his rule。  The liberty of man�察�in society�察�is to be under no  other legislative power�察�but that established�察�by consent�察�in the  commonwealth�察�nor under the dominion of any will�察�or restraint of  any law�察�but what that legislative shall enact�察�according to the  trust put in it。  Freedom then is not what Sir Robert Filmer  tells us�察�Observations�察�A。 55。 a liberty for every one to do what  he lists�察�to live as he pleases�察�and not to be tied by any laws�此 �but freedom of men under government is�察�to have a standing rule  to live by�察�common to every one of that society�察�and made by the  legislative power erected in it�察�a liberty to follow my own will  in all things�察�where the rule prescribes not�察�and not to be  subject to the inconstant�察�uncertain�察�unknown�察�arbitrary will of  another man�此�as freedom of nature is�察�to be under no other  restraint but the law of nature。      Sec。 23。  This freedom from absolute�察�arbitrary power�察�is  so necessary to�察�and closely joined with a man's preservation�察 �that he cannot part with it�察�but by what forfeits his  preservation and life together�此�for a man�察�not hav

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