the greatness of cities-第6章

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erected；　how　many　well…ordered　colleges　of　young　men　and　seminaries　of　priests　he　instituted；　how　many　sorts　of　academies　he　set　up　and　founded　to　the　inestimable　good　of　the　people；　how　many　kinds　of　entertainments　and　promotions　he　bestowed　upon　arts　and　on　artificers。　And　I　should　never　end　if　I　should　recount　the　matter　and　the　means　wherewith　by　amplifying　God's　service　and　advancing　of　religion　he　increased　also　the　city；　and　doubled　the　concourse　of　people　unto　Milan。

　4。　Of　schools　and　studies

　　　　The　commodity　of　learned　schools　is　of　no　small　moment　to　draw　people；　especially　young　men；　to　a　city　of　whose　greatness　we　are　in　speech。　For　inasmuch　as　there　be　two　means　for　men　of　wit　and　courage　to　rise　to　some　degree　of　honour　and　reputation　in　the　world；　the　one　by　arms；　the　other　by　book；　the　first　is　sought　for　in　the　field；　with　the　spear　and　the　sword；　and　the　last　in　the　academy；　with　pen　and　book。　　　　　And　forasmuch　as　men　long　for　honour　or　for　profit；　and　of　liberal　arts　and　sciences　some　bring　certain　wealth　to　men　and　some　promotions　and　preferments　to　honourable　functions；　it　is　a　thing　of　no　small　importance　that　in　a　city　there　be　provided　an　academy　or　such　a　school　as　young　men；　desirous　to　attain　to　virtue　and　learning；　may　thereby　have　occasion　to　repair　rather　thither　than　to　any　other　place。　And　that　will　be　effected　soon　if　besides　the　commodity　of　the　school　and　good　teachers　they　may　enjoy　convenient　immunities　and　privileges。　I　say　convenient；　for　that　I　would　not　have　impunity　afforded　unto　faults；　nor　licence　given　to　fall　to　vice　and　wickedness；　but　honest　liberty　allowed　to　them　that　they　may　the　more　commodiously　and　cheerfully　attend　to　their　studies。　　　　　For　to　say　truth；　study　is　a　matter　of　great　labour　and　travail；　both　of　the　mind　and　body。　And　thereupon　our　forefathers　in　times　past　called　the　goddess　of　arts　and　sciences　Minerva；　because　the　toil　of　speculation　weakeneth　the　strength　and　cuts　the　sinews。　For　an　afflicted　body　afflicteth　many　times　the　mind；　whereof　groweth　melancholy　and　sadness。　And　therefore　it　stands　with　good　reason　that　all　convenient　privilege　and　liberty　be　granted　unto　scholars　that　may　maintain　them　in　contented　and　cheerful　minds；　but　no　dissoluteness　allowed　in　any　wise　unto　them；　whereof　the　academies　in　Italy　are　grown　too　full。　For　the　pen　is　there　turned　into　a　poignard；　and　the　dwell　into　a　flask　and　touch…box　for　a　gun；　the　disputations　into　bloody　brawlings；　the　schools　into　lists；　and　the　scholars　into　cutters　and　to　hacksters。　Honesty　is　there　flouted　at　and　scorned；　and　bashfulness　and　modesty　accounted　a　discredit　and　a　shame。　So　that　a　young　man　that　were　like　enough　to　lead　the　modest　and　sober　life　of　a　good　student　shall　have　much　to　do　if　he　scape　to　be　undone。　But　let　us　leave　complaints；　and　yet　I　must　needs　say　this　much　first：　no　academy　can　flourish　aright；　without　quarrels；　cards　and　dice　be　banished　quite；　and　clean　cast　out。　　　　　Francis　the　First；　King　of　France；　because　the　scholars　of　the　University　of　Paris　（which　in　his　time　were　almost　an　infinite　sight）　should　have　commodity　and　means　to　take　the　air　and　to　recreate　themselves　with　honest　exercises；　he　assigned　them　a　great　meadow　near　the　city　and　the　river　where　without　let　or　trouble　to　them　they　might　disport　and　solace　themselves　at　their　will　and　pleasure。　There　they　fell　to　wrestling；　there　they　played　at　the　barriers；　at　the　ball　and　the　football；　there　did　they　cast　the　sledge　and　leap　and　run；　with　such　cheerfulness　and　pastime　as　it　delighted　the　beholders　thereof　no　less　than　themselves。　And　so　ceaseth　by　this　means　the　clatter　and　the　noise　of　weapons　and　of　armour；　and　also　play　at　cards　and　dice。　　　　　For　the　same　reasons　it　is　necessary　that　the　city　wherein　you　will　found　an　academy　be　of　an　wholesome　air；　and　of　a　pleasant　and　delightful　situation；　where　there　may　be　both　rivers；　fountains；　springs　and　woods。　For　these　things　of　themselves；　without　any　other　help；　are　apt　to　delight　and　cheer　up　the　spirits　and　minds　of　students。　Such　were　in　times　past　Athens　and　Rhodes；　where　all　good　arts　and　learning　flourished　most　above　all　other。　　　　　Galeazzo　Visconti　（besides　these　invitings　and　allurements）　being　earnestly　desirous　to　illustrate　and　appopulate　Pavia；　was　the　first　that　forbad　his　subjects；　under　a　great　pain；　to　go　anywhere　else　to　study；　which　course　some　princes　else　of　Italy　hath　since　his　time　followed。　　　　　But　these　are　means　full　of　distrust　and　trouble。　The　honourable　and　notable　means　to　retain　subjects　in　their　country；　and　to　draw　strangers　also　home　to　it；　is　to　procure　them　means　of　honest　recreation；　to　provide　them　plenty　of　victual；　to　maintain　to　them　their　privileges；　to　give　them　occasion　to　rise　to　degrees　of　honour　by　their　learned　exercises；　to　make　account　of　good　wits；　and　to　reward　them　well；　but　above　all　to　store　them　with　plenty　of　doctors　and　learned　men　of　great　fame　and　reputation。　　　　　The　great　Pompey　was　not　ashamed　to　enter　into　the　schools；　for　after　they　had　conquered　all　the　East　he　went　to　the　schools　at　Rhodes　to　hear　the　professors　there　dispute。　　　　　But　for　a　far　greater　reason　Sigismund　King　of　Poland　gave　a　strait　commandment　that　none　of　his　subjects　should　wander　out　of　his　kingdom　to　study　anywhere　else　（and　the　Catholic　King　commanded　the　like　not　many　years　since）。　And　it　was　to　this　end；　that　his　subjects　should　not　be　infected　with　the　heresies　that　began　in　the　time　of　King　Sigismund　and　are　at　the　height　in　these　our　days　throughout　all　the　provinces　of　the　north。

　5。　Of　the　place　of　justice

　　　　Our　lives；　our　honour　and　our　substance　are　all　in　the　hands　of　the　judge。　For　love　and　charity　failing　in　all　places；　the　violence　and　covetousness　of　wicked　men　doth　daily　the　more　increase；　from　whom；　if　the　judges　do　not　defend　us；　our　business　whatsoever　we　do　will　ill　go　forward。　For　this　cause　cities　that　have　royal　audience；　senators；　parliaments　or　other　sorts　and　kinds　of　courts　of　justice　must　needs　be　much　frequented；　as　well　for　concourse　of　people　that　have　cause　of　suit　unto　it；　as　also　for　the　execution　of　justice。　For　it　cannot　be　ministered　without　the　help　of　many　presidents；　I　mean　senators；　advocates；　proctors；　solicitors；　notaries　and　such　like。　Nay；　more　than　that　（which　it　grieves　me　to　think　on）　expedition　of　justice　cannot　be　had　in　these　our　days　without　ready　money。　For　nothing　in　the　world　doth　make　men　run　so　fast　as　current　money。　For　the　adamant　is　not　of　such　force　to　draw　iron　unto　it；　as　gold　is　to　turn　the　eyes　and　the　minds　of　men　this　way　and　that　way　and　which　way　they　list。　And　the　reason　is　plain；　because　gold；　even　through　the　very　virtue　thereof；　containeth　in　it　all　greatness；　all　commodities　and　all　earthly　good　whatsoever。　To　be　short；　he　that　hath　money　hath；　you　may　say；　all　worldly　things　that　are　to　be　had。　　　　　In　these　days；　through　the　plenty　of　money　which　the　administration　of　justice　doth　carry　with　it；　the　metropolitan　cities；　if　they　may　not　have　the　whole　administration　of　civil　and　criminal　causes；　they　will　yet　reserve　at　least　unto　them　the　chiefest　causes　and　all　appeals；　which　is　well　done　for　matter　of　state　（whereof　the　judicial　authority　is　a　principal　member　by　the　means　whereof　they　are　the　patrons　and　protectors　of　the　life　and　goods　of　the　subject）。　But　there　must　be　a　regard　to　the　profit　that　we　have　pointed　at。　　　　　This　goes　current　in　all　places；　especially　where　in　judicial　causes　they　do　proceed　according　to　the　common　use　and　course　of　the　laws　of　the　Romans；　for　that　course　and　form　is　longer　and　requireth　more　ministers　than　the　other。　　　　　In　England　and　Scotland；　but　especially　in　Turkey；　where　a　short　course　is　taken　in　trial　of　all　causes　even；　as　it　were；　at　the　first　sitting　of　the　judge；　it　profiteth　little　to　increase　the　greatness　of　a　city　to　hold　pleas　there。　Forasmuch　as　difficult　and　hard　causes　are　in　an　afternoon；　as　it　were；　decided　there　and　ended；　if　sufficient　witness　be　produced　at　the　hearing　of　the　cause。　These　adjournments　and　many　terms　are　there　cut　off；　and　instruments；　process；　officers　and　mediators　have　there　no　place。　With　a　few　blows　given　they　come　to　the　half　sword；　so　that　the　time；　the　expense；　and　the　number　of　persons　are　far　less　and　much　fewer　than　the　civil　laws　do　require。　　　　　I　speak　not　these　things　to　the　end　I　would　have　causes　prolonged　and　suits　made　eternal。　For　they　are　too　long　already；　without　more　ado；　and；　in　doing　justice；　delay　（which　receiveth　no　excuse　by　colour　or　pretence　of　wariness　and　care　to　commit　no　error）　is　very　plain　injustice。　And　therefore；　in　our　city　we　speak　of　here；　it　shall　be　very　necessary　and　expedient　to　have　in　it　a　principal　seat　of　justice　and　course　of　suits　and　pleas　depending　on　it。

　6。　Of　industry

　　　　Forasmuch　as　I　have　already　sufficiently　said　my　mind　concerning　industry　and　art　in　mine　eighth　book　of　the　Reason　of　State；　wherein　I　have　at　large　discoursed　concerning　the　propagation　of　states；　I　will　therefore　for　brevity's　sake　refer　the　gentle　reader　unto　that　same　chapter。

　7。　Of　privileges

　　　　The　people　are　in　these　our　days　so　grievously　oppressed　and　taxed　by　their　princes；　who　are　driven　to　it　partly　of　covetousness　and　partly　of　necessity；　that　they　greedy　embrace　the　least　hope　that　may　be　of　privilege　and　freedom　whensoever　it　is　offered。　thereof　the　marts；　fairs　and　markets　bear　good　witness；　which　are　frequented　with　a　mighty　concourse　of　tradesmen；　merchants　and　people　of　all　sorts；　not　for　any　respect　else　but　that　they　are　there　free　and　frank　from　customs　and　exactions。　　　　　In　our　days　the　princely　city　of　Naples；　through　the　exemptions　and　freedoms　granted　to　the　inhabitants；　is　most　nobly　increased；　both　in　buildings　and　in　people；　and　it　would　have　increased　a　great　deal　more　if　through　the　griefs　and　suits　of　the　barons　there　whose　lands　were　unfurnished　of　people；　or　for　some　other　peculiar　reason；　the　King　of　Spain　had　not　severely　forbidden　to　enlarge　it　with　further　buildings。　　　　　The　cities　in　Flanders　are　the　most　merchantable　and　the　most　frequented　cities　for　commerce　and　traffic　that　are　in　all　Europe。　If　you　require　the　cause；　surely　the　exemptions　from　custom　is　the　chiefest　cause　of　it。　For　the　merchandise　that　is　brought　in　and　carried　out　（and　it　is　infinite　that　is　brought　in　and　carried　out）　paid　but　a　very　small　custom。　　　　　All　such　as　have　erected　new　cities　in　times　past；　to　draw　concourse　of　people　to　it　have　granted　of　necessity　large　immunities　and　privileges；　at　least　to　the　first　inhabitants　thereof。　The　like　have　they　done　that　have　restored　cities　emptied　with　the　plague；　consumed　with　the　wars；　or　afflicted　otherwise　with　some　other　scourge　of　God。　　　　　The　plague　mentioned　by　Boccaccio；　that　languished　all　Italy　near　three　years　together；　was　so　fierce　that　from　March　to　July　it　took　out　of　the　world　about　an　hundred　thousand　souls　within　Florence。　It　slew　also　such　a　number　within　Venice　as　in　a　manner　it　became　a　desert；　so　that　the　Senate；　to　have　it　reinhabited；　caused　proclamation　to　be　made　that　all　such　as　would　come　thither　with　their　families　and　dwell　there　two　years　together　should　have　the　freedom　of　the　city。　The　same　commonwealth　of　Venice　hath　been　also　more　than　once　delivered　o