the miscellaneous writings and speeches-1-第8章

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CHARICLEA。　But　what　if　you　are　killed？

CALLICLES。　What　indeed？　　You　must　ask　Speusippus　that　question。　　He　is　a　philosopher。

ALCIBIADES。　Yes；　and　the　greatest　of　philosophers；　if　he　can　answer　it。

SPEUSIPPUS。　Pythagoras　is　of　opinion

HIPPOMACHUS。　Pythagoras　stole　that　and　all　his　other　opinions　from　Asia　and　Egypt。　　The　transmigration　of　the　soul　and　the　vegetable　diet　are　derived　from　India。　　I　met　a　Brachman　in　Sogdiana

CALLICLES。　All　nonsense！

CHARICLEA。　What　think　you；　Alcibiades？

ALCIBIADES。　I　think　that；　if　the　doctrine　be　true；　your　spirit　will　be　transfused　into　one　of　the　doves　who　carry　（Homer's　Odyssey；　xii。　63。）　ambrosia　to　the　gods　or　verses　to　the　mistresses　of　poets。　Do　you　remember　Anacreon's　lines？　　How　should　you　like　such　an　office？

CHARICLEA。　If　I　were　to　be　your　dove；　Alcibiades；　and　you　would　treat　me　as　Anacreon　treated　his；　and　let　me　nestle　in　your　breast　and　drink　from　your　cup；　I　would　submit　even　to　carry　your　love…letters　to　other　ladies。

CALLICLES。　What；　in　the　name　of　Jupiter；　is　the　use　of　all　these　speculations　about　death？　　Socrates　once　（See　the　close　of　Plato's　Gorgias。）　lectured　me　upon　it　the　best　part　of　a　day。　　I　have　hated　the　sight　of　him　ever　since。　　Such　things　may　suit　an　old　sophist　when　he　is　fasting；　but　in　the　midst　of　wine　and　music

HIPPOMACHUS。　I　differ　from　you。　　The　enlightened　Egyptians　bring　skeletons　into　their　banquets；　in　order　to　remind　their　guests　to　make　the　most　of　their　life　while　they　have　it。

CALLICLES。　I　want　neither　skeleton　nor　sophist　to　teach　me　that　lesson。　More　wine；　I　pray　you；　and　less　wisdom。　　If　you　must　believe　something　which　you　never　can　know；　why　not　be　contented　with　the　long　stories　about　the　other　world　which　are　told　us　when　we　are　initiated　at　the　Eleusinian　mysteries？　　（The　scene　which　follows　is　founded　upon　history。　　Thucydides　tells　us；　in　his　sixth　book；　that　about　this　time　Alcibiades　was　suspected　of　having　assisted　at　a　mock　celebration　of　these　famous　mysteries。　　It　was　the　opinion　of　the　vulgar　among　the　Athenians　that　extraordinary　privileges　were　granted　in　the　other　world　to　alt　who　had　been　initiated。）

CHARICLEA。　And　what　are　those　stories？

ALCIBIADES。　Are　not　you　initiated；　Chariclea？

CHARICLEA。　No；　my　mother　was　a　Lydian；　a　barbarian；　and　therefore

ALCIBIADES。　I　understand。　　Now　the　curse　of　Venus　on　the　fools　who　made　so　hateful　a　law！　　Speusippus；　does　not　your　friend　Euripides　（The　right　of　Euripides　to　this　line　is　somewhat　disputable。　　See　Aristophanes；　Plutus；　1152。）　say

〃The　land　where　thou　art　prosperous　is　thy　country？〃

Surely　we　ought　to　say　to　every　lady

〃The　land　where　thou　art　pretty　is　thy　country。〃

Besides；　to　exclude　foreign　beauties　from　the　chorus　of　the　initiated　in　the　Elysian　fields　is　less　cruel　to　them　than　to　ourselves。　　Chariclea；　you　shall　be　initiated。

CHARICLEA。　When？

ALCIBIADES。　Now。

CHARICLEA。　Where？

ALCIBIADES。　Here。

CHARICLEA。　Delightful！

SPEUSIPPUS。　But　there　must　be　an　interval　of　a　year　between　the　purification　and　the　initiation。

ALCIBIADES。　We　will　suppose　all　that。

SPEUSIPPUS。　And　nine　days　of　rigid　mortification　of　the　senses。

ALCIBIADES。　We　will　suppose　that　too。　　I　am　sure　it　was　supposed；　with　as　little　reason；　when　I　was　initiated。

SPEUSIPPUS。　But　you　are　sworn　to　secrecy。

ALCIBIADES。　You　a　sophist；　and　talk　of　oaths！　　You　a　pupil　of　Euripides；　and　forget　his　maxims！

〃My　lips　have　sworn　it；　but　my　mind　is　free。〃　　（See　Euripides：　Hippolytus；　608。　　For　the　jesuitical　morality　of　this　line　Euripides　is　bitterly　attacked　by　the　comic　poet。）

SPEUSIPPUS。　But　Alcibiades

ALCIBIADES。　What！　　Are　you　afraid　of　Ceres　and　Proserpine？

SPEUSIPPUS。　NobutbutIthat　is　Ibut　it　is　best　to　be　safeI　mean　Suppose　there　should　be　something　in　it。

ALCIBIADES。　Now；　by　Mercury；　I　shall　die　with　laughing。　　O　Speusippus。　Speusippus！　　Go　back　to　your　old　father。　　Dig　vineyards；　and　judge　causes；　and　be　a　respectable　citizen。　　But　never；　while　you　live；　again　dream　of　being　a　philosopher。

SPEUSIPPUS。　Nay；　I　was　only

ALCIBIADES。　A　pupil　of　Gorgias　and　Melesigenes　afraid　of　Tartarus！　　In　what　region　of　the　infernal　world　do　you　expect　your　domicile　to　be　fixed？　　Shall　you　roll　a　stone　like　Sisyphus？　　Hard　exercise；　Speusippus！

SPEUSIPPUS。　In　the　name　of　all　the　gods

ALCIBIADES。　Or　shall　you　sit　starved　and　thirsty　in　the　midst　of　fruit　and　wine　like　Tantalus？　　Poor　fellow？　　I　think　I　see　your　face　as　you　are　springing　up　to　the　branches　and　missing　your　aim。　　Oh　Bacchus！　　Oh　Mercury！

SPEUSIPPUS。　Alcibiades！

ALCIBIADES。　Or　perhaps　you　will　be　food　for　a　vulture；　like　the　huge　fellow　who　was　rude　to　Latona。

SPEUSIPPUS。　Alcibiades！

ALCIBIADES。　Never　fear。　　Minos　will　not　be　so　cruel。　　Your　eloquence　will　triumph　over　all　accusations。　　The　Furies　will　skulk　away　like　disappointed　sycophants。　　Only　address　the　judges　of　hell　in　the　speech　which　you　were　prevented　from　speaking　last　assembly。　〃When　I　consider〃is　not　that　the　beginning　of　it？　　Come；　man；　do　not　be　angry。　　Why　do　you　pace　up　and　down　with　such　long　steps？　　You　are　not　in　Tartarus　yet。　　You　seem　to　think　that　you　are　already　stalking　like　poor　Achilles；

〃With　stride　Majestic　through　the　plain　of　Asphodel。〃　　（See　Homer's　Odyssey；　xi。　538。）

SPEUSIPPUS。　How　can　you　talk　so；　when　you　know　that　I　believe　all　that　foolery　as　little　as　you　do？

ALCIBIADES。　Then　march。　　You　shall　be　the　crier。　　Callicles；　you　shall　carry　the　torch。　　Why　do　you　stare？　　（The　crier　and　torchbearer　were　important　functionaries　at　the　celebration　of　the　Eleusinian　mysteries。）

CALLICLES。　I　do　not　much　like　the　frolic。

ALCIBIADES。　Nay；　surely　you　are　not　taken　with　a　fit　of　piety。　　If　all　be　true　that　is　told　of　you；　you　have　as　little　reason　to　think　the　gods　vindictive　as　any　man　breathing。　　If　you　be　not　belied；　a　certain　golden　goblet　which　I　have　seen　at　your　house　was　once　in　the　temple　of　Juno　at　Corcyra。　　And　men　say　that　there　was　a　priestess　at　Tarentum

CALLICLES。　A　fig　for　the　gods！　　I　was　thinking　about　the　Archons。　　You　will　have　an　accusation　laid　against　you　to…morrow。　　It　is　not　very　pleasant　to　be　tried　before　the　king。　　（The　name　of　king　was　given　in　the　Athenian　democracy　to　the　magistrate　who　exercised　those　spiritual　functions　which　in　the　monarchical　times　had　belonged　to　the　sovereign。　　His　court　took　cognisance　of　offences　against　the　religion　of　the　state。）

ALCIBIADES。　Never　fear：　there　is　not　a　sycophant　in　Attica　who　would　dare　to　breathe　a　word　against　me；　for　the　golden　plane…tree　of　the　great　king。　　（See　Herodotus；　viii。　28。）

HIPPOMACHUS。　That　plane…tree

ALCIBIADES。　Never　mind　the　plane…tree。　　Come；　Callicles；　you　were　not　so　timid　when　you　plundered　the　merchantman　off　Cape　Malea。　　Take　up　the　torch　and　move。　　Hippomachus；　tell　one　of　the　slaves　to　bring　a　sow。　　（A　sow　was　sacrificed　to　Ceres　at　the　admission　to　the　greater　mysteries。）

CALLICLES。　And　what　part　are　you　to　play？

ALCIBIADES。　I　shall　be　hierophant。　　Herald；　to　your　office。　　Torchbearer；　advance　with　the　lights。　　Come　forward；　fair　novice。　　We　will　celebrate　the　rite　within。

＇Exeunt。＇

。。。


CRITICISMS　ON　THE　PRINCIPAL　ITALIAN　WRITERS。

No。　I。　　DANTE。

（January　1824。）

〃Fairest　of　stars；　last　in　the　train　of　night；　If　better　thou　belong　not　to　the　dawn；　Sure　pledge　of　day；　that　crown'st　the　smiling　morn　With　thy　bright　circlet。〃　　　Milton。

In　a　review　of　Italian　literature；　Dante　has　a　double　claim　to　precedency。　　He　was　the　earliest　and　the　greatest　writer　of　his　country。　　He　was　the　first　man　who　fully　descried　and　exhibited　the　powers　of　his　native　dialect。　　The　Latin　tongue；　which；　under　the　most　favourable　circumstances；　and　in　the　hands　of　the　greatest　masters；　had　still　been　poor；　feeble；　and　singularly　unpoetical；　and　which　had；　in　the　age　of　Dante；　been　debased　by　the　admixture　of　innumerable　barbarous　words　and　idioms；　was　still　cultivated　with　superstitious　veneration；　and　received；　in　the　last　stage　of　corruption；　more　honours　than　it　had　deserved　in　the　period　of　its　life　and　vigour。　　It　was　the　language　of　the　cabinet；　of　the　university；　of　the　church。　　It　was　employed　by　all　who　aspired　to　distinction　in　the　higher　walks　of　poetry。　　In　compassion　to　the　ignorance　of　his　mistress；　a　cavalier　might　now　and　then　proclaim　his　passion　in　Tuscan　or　Proven嘺l　rhymes。　　The　vulgar　might　occasionally　be　edified　by　a　pious　allegory　in　the　popular　jargon。　　But　no　writer　had　conceived　it　possible　that　the　dialect　of　peasants　and　market…women　should　possess　sufficient　energy　and　precision　for　a　majestic　and　durable　work。　　Dante　adventured　first。　　He　detected　the　rich　treasures　of　thought　and　diction　which　still　lay　latent　in　their　ore。　　He　refined　them　into　purity。　　He　burnished　them　into　splendour。　　He　fitted　them　for　every　purpose　of　use　and　magnificence。　　And　he　has　thus　acquired　the　glory；　not　only　of　producing　the　finest　narrative　poem　of　modern　times　but　also　of　creating　a　language；　distinguished　by　unrivalled　melody；　and　peculiarly　capable　of　furnishing　to　lofty　and　passionate　thoughts　their　appropriate　garb　of　severe　and　concise　expression。

To　many　this　may　appear　a　singular　panegyric　on　the　Italian　tongue。　　Indeed　the　great　majority　of　the　young　gentlemen　and　young　ladies；　who；　when　they　are　asked　whether　they　read　Italian；　answer　〃yes；〃　never　go　beyond　the　stories　at　the　end　of　their　grammar；The　Pastor　Fido；or　an　act　of　Artaserse。　　They　could　as　soon　read　a　Babylonian　brick　as　a　canto　of　Dante。　　Hence　it　is　a　general　opinion；　among　those　who　know　little　or　nothing　of　the　subject；　that　this　admirable　language　is　adapted　only　to　the　effeminate　cant　of　sonnetteers；　musicians；　and　connoisseurs。

The　fact　is　that　Dante　and　Petrarch　have　been　the　Oromasdes　and　Arimanes　of　Italian　literature。　　I　wish　not　to　detract　from　the　merits　of　Petrarch。　　No　one　can　doubt　that　his　poems　exhibit；　amidst　some　imbecility　and　more　affectation；　much　elegance；　ingenuity；　and　tenderness。　　They　present　us　with　a　mixture　which　can　only　be　compared　to　the　whimsical　concert　described　by　the　humorous　poet　of　Modena：

〃S'udian　gli　usignuoli；　al　primo　albore；　Egli　asini　cantar　versi　d'amore。〃　（Tassoni；　Secchia　Rapita；　canto　i。　stanza　6。）

I　am　not；　however；　at　present　speaking　of　the　intrinsic　excellencies　of　his　writings；　which　I　shall　take　another　opportunity　to　examine；　but　of　the　effect　which　they　produced　on　the　literature　of　Italy。　　The　florid　and　luxurious　charms　of　his　style　enticed　the　poets　and　the　public　from　the　contemplation　of　nobler　and　sterner　models。　　In　truth；　though　a　rude　state　of　society　is　that　in　which　great　original　works　are　most　frequently　produced；　it　is　also　that　in　which　they　are　worst　appreciated。　This　may　appear　paradoxical；　but　it　is　proved　by　experience；　and　is　consistent　with　reason。　　To　be　without　any　received　canons　of　taste　is　good　for　the　few　who　can　create；　but　bad　for　the　many　who　can　only　imitate　and　judge。　　Great　and　active　minds　cannot　remain　at　rest。　　In　a　cultivated　age　they　are　too　often　contented　to　move　on　in　the　beaten　path。　　But　where　no　path　exists　they　will　make　one。　　Thus　the　Iliad；　the　Odyssey；　the　Divine　Comedy；　appeared　in　dark　and　half　barbarous　times：　　and　thus　of　the　few　original　works　which　have