statesman-第7章

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but　also　with　a　view　to　the　attainment　of　the　mean；　seems　to　afford

a　grand　support　and　satisfactory　proof　of　the　doctrine　which　we　are

maintaining；　for　if　there　are　arts；　there　is　a　standard　of　measure；

and　if　there　is　a　standard　of　measure；　there　are　arts；　but　if　either

is　wanting；　there　is　neither。

　　Y。　Soc。　True；　and　what　is　the　next　step？

　　Str。　The　next　step　clearly　is　to　divide　the　art　of　measurement

into　two　parts；　all　we　have　said　already；　and　to　place　in　

the　one　part

all　the　arts　which　measure　number；　length；　depth；　breadth；　swiftness

with　their　opposites；　and　to　have　another　part　in　which　they　are

measured　with　the　mean；　and　the　fit；　and　the　opportune；　and　the　due；

and　with　all　those　words；　in　short；　which　denote　a　mean　or　standard

removed　from　the　extremes。

　　Y。　Soc。　Here　are　two　vast　divisions；　embracing　two　very　different

spheres。

　　Str。　There　are　many　accomplished　men；　Socrates；　who　say；　believing

themselves　to　speak　wisely；　that　the　art　of　measurement　is

universal；　and　has　to　do　with　all　things。　And　this　means　what　we　are

now　saying；　for　all　things　which　come　within　the　province　of　art　do

certainly　in　some　sense　partake　of　measure。　But　these　

persons；　because

they　are　not　accustomed　to　distinguish　classes　according　to　real

forms；　jumble　together　two　widely　different　things；　relation　to　one

another；　and　to　a　standard；　under　the　idea　that　they　are　the　

same；　and

also　fall　into　the　converse　error　of　dividing　other　things　not

according　to　their　real　parts。　Whereas　the　right　way　is；　if　a　man

has　first　seen　the　unity　of　things；　to　go　on　with　the　enquiry　and

not　desist　until　he　has　found　all　the　differences　contained　in　it

which　form　distinct　classes；　nor　again　should　he　be　able　to　rest

contented　with　the　manifold　diversities　which　are　seen　in　a

multitude　of　things　until　he　has　comprehended　all　of　them　that　have

any　affinity　within　the　bounds　of　one　similarity　and　embraced　them

within　the　reality　of　a　single　kind。　But　we　have　said　enough　on　this

head；　and　also　of　excess　and　defect；　we　have　only　to　bear　in　

mind　that

two　divisions　of　the　art　of　measurement　have　been　discovered　

which　are

concerned　with　them；　and　not　forget　what　they　are。

　　Y。　Soc。　We　will　not　forget。

　　Str。　And　now　that　this　discussion　is　completed；　let　us　go　on　to

consider　another　question；　which　concerns　not　this　argument　only　but

the　conduct　of　such　arguments　in　general。

　　Y。　Soc。　What　is　this　new　question？

　　Str。　Take　the　case　of　a　child　who　is　engaged　in　learning　his

letters：　when　he　is　asked　what　letters　make　up　a　word；　should　we　say

that　the　question　is　intended　to　improve　his　grammatical　knowledge

of　that　particular　word；　or　of　all　words？

　　Y。　Soc。　Clearly；　in　order　that　he　may　have　a　better　

knowledge　of　all

words。

　　Str。　And　is　our　enquiry　about　the　Statesman　intended　only　

to　improve

our　knowledge　of　politics；　or　our　power　of　reasoning　generally？

　　Y。　Soc。　Clearly；　as　in　the　former　example；　the　purpose　is　general。

　　Str。　Still　less　would　any　rational　man　seek　to　analyse　the　

notion　of

weaving　for　its　own　sake。　But　people　seem　to　forget　that　some　things

have　sensible　images；　which　are　readily　known；　and　can　be　easily

pointed　out　when　any　one　desires　to　answer　an　enquirer　without　any

trouble　or　argument；　whereas　the　greatest　and　highest　truths　have　no

outward　image　of　themselves　visible　to　man；　which　he　who　wishes　to

satisfy　the　soul　of　the　enquirer　can　adapt　to　the　eye　of　sense；　and

therefore　we　ought　to　train　ourselves　to　give　and　accept　a　rational

account　of　them；　for　immaterial　things；　which　are　the　noblest　and

greatest；　are　shown　only　in　thought　and　idea；　and　in　no　

other　way；　and

all　that　we　are　now　saying　is　said　for　the　sake　of　them。　Moreover；

there　is　always　less　difficulty　in　fixing　the　mind　on　small　matters

than　on　great。

　　Y。　Soc。　Very　good。

　　Str。　Let　us　call　to　mind　the　bearing　of　all　this。

　　Y。　Soc。　What　is　it？

　　Str。　I　wanted　to　get　rid　of　any　impression　of　tediousness　which　we

may　have　experienced　in　the　discussion　about　weaving；　and　

the　reversal

of　the　universe；　and　in　the　discussion　concerning　the　Sophist　and

the　being　of　not…being。　I　know　that　they　were　felt　to　be　too　

long；　and

I　reproached　myself　with　this；　fearing　that　they　might　be　not　only

tedious　but　irrelevant；　and　all　that　I　have　now　said　is　only

designed　to　prevent　the　recurrence　of　any　such　disagreeables　for　the

future。

　　Y。　Soc。　Very　good。　Will　you　proceed？

　　Str。　Then　I　would　like　to　observe　that　you　and　I；　remembering　what

has　been　said；　should　praise　or　blame　the　length　or　shortness　of

discussions；　not　by　comparing　them　with　one　another；　but　with　what

is　fitting；　having　regard　to　the　part　of　measurement；　which；　as　we

said；　was　to　be　borne　in　mind。

　　Y。　Soc。　Very　true。

　　Str。　And　yet；　not　everything　is　to　be　judged　even　with　a　view　to

what　is　fitting；　for　we　should　only　want　such　a　length　as　is　

suited　to

give　pleasure；　if　at　all；　as　a　secondary　matter；　and　reason　tells

us；　that　we　should　be　contented　to　make　the　ease　or　rapidity　of　an

enquiry；　not　our　first；　but　our　second　object；　the　first　and　highest

of　all　being　to　assert　the　great　method　of　division　according　to

species…whether　the　discourse　be　shorter　or　longer　is　not　to　the

point。　No　offence　should　be　taken　at　length；　but　the　longer　and

shorter　are　to　be　employed　indifferently；　according　as　either　of

them　is　better　calculated　to　sharpen　the　wits　of　the　auditors。

Reason　would　also　say　to　him　who　censures　the　length　of　discourses

on　such　occasions　and　cannot　away　with　their　circumlocution；　that　he

should　not　be　in　such　a　hurry　to　have　done　with　them；　when　

he　can　only

complain　that　they　are　tedious；　but　he　should　prove　that　if　they　had

been　shorter　they　would　have　made　those　who　took　part　in　them　better

dialecticians；　and　more　capable　of　expressing　the　truth　of　things；

about　any　other　praise　and　blame；　he　need　not　trouble　himself…he

should　pretend　not　to　hear　them。　But　we　have　had　enough　of　this；　as

you　will　probably　agree　with　me　in　thinking。　Let　us　return　to　our

Statesman；　and　apply　to　his　case　the　aforesaid　example　of　weaving。

　　Y。　Soc。　Very　good；…let　us　do　as　you　say。

　　Str。　The　art　of　the　king　has　been　separated　from　the　

similar　arts　of

shepherds；　and；　indeed；　from　all　those　which　have　to　do　with　herds

at　all。　There　still　remain；　however；　of　the　causal　and　co…operative

arts　those　which　are　immediately　concerned　with　States；　and　

which　must

first　be　distinguished　from　one　another。

　　Y。　Soc。　Very　good。

　　Str。　You　know　that　these　arts　cannot　easily　be　divided　into　two

halves；　the　reason　will　be　very：　evident　as　we　proceed。

　　Y。　Soc。　Then　we　had　better　do　so。

　　Str。　We　must　carve　them　like　a　victim　into　members　or　limbs；　since

we　cannot　bisect　them。　For　we　certainly　should　divide　everything

into　as　few　parts　as　possible。

　　Y。　Soc。　What　is　to　be　done　in　this　case？

　　Str。　What　we　did　in　the　example　of　weaving…all　those　arts　which

furnish　the　tools　were　regarded　by　us　as　co…operative。

　　Y。　Soc。　Yes。

　　Str。　So　now；　and　with　still　more　reason；　all　arts　which　make　any

implement　in　a　State；　whether　great　or　small；　may　be　

regarded　by　us　as

co…operative；　for　without　them　neither　State　nor　Statesmanship　would

be　possible；　and　yet　we　are　not　inclined　to　say　that　any　of　them　is

a　product　of　the　kingly　art。

　　Y。　Soc。　No；　indeed。

　　Str。　The　task　of　separating　this　class　from　others　is　not　an　easy

one；　for　there　is　plausibility　in　saying　that　anything　in　

the　world　is

the　instrument　of　doing　something。　But　there　is　another　dass　of

possessions　in；　a　city；　of　which　I　have　a　word　to　say。

　　Y。　Soc。　What　class　do　you　mean？

　　Str。　A　class　which　may　be　described　as　not　having　this　power；　that

is　to　say；　not　like　an　instrument；　framed　for　production；　

but　designed

for　the　preservation　of　that　which　is　produced。

　　Y。　Soc。　To　what　do　you　refer？

　　Str。　To　the　class　of　vessels；　as　they　are　comprehensively　termed；

which　are　constructed　for　the　preservation　of　things　moist　

and　dry；　of

things　prepared　in　the　fire　or　out　of　the　fire；　this　is　a　very　large

class；　and　has；　if　I　am　not　mistaken；　literally　nothing　to　

do　with　the

royal　art　of　which　we　are　in　search。

　　Y。　Soc。　Certainly　not。

　　Str。　There　is　also　a　third　class　of　possessions　to　be　noted；

different　from　these　and　very　extensive；　moving　or　resting　on　land

or　water；　honourable　and　also　dishonourable。　The　whole　of　this　class

has　one　name；　because　it　is　intended　to　be　sat　upon；　being　always　a

seat　for　something。

　　Y。　Soc。　What　is　it？

　　Str。　A　vehicle；　which　is　certainly　not　the　work　of　the　Statesman；

but　of　the　carpenter；　potter；　and　coppersmith。

　　Y。　Soc。　I　understand。

　　Str。　And　is　there　not　a　fourth　class　which　is　again　different；　and

in　which　most　of　the　things　formerly　mentioned　are　contained…every

kind　of　dress；　most　sorts　of　arms；　walls　and　enclosures；　whether　of

earth　or　stone；　and　ten　thousand　other　thing？　all　of　which　being

made　for　the　sake　of　defence；　may　be　truly　called　defences；　and　are

for　the　most　part　to　be　regarded　as　the　work　of　the　builder　or　of

the　weaver；　rather　than　of　the　Statesman。

　　Y。　Soc。　Certainly。

　　Str。　Shall　we　add　a　fifth　class；　of　ornamentation　and　drawing；　and

of　the　imitations　produced；　by　drawing　and　music；　which　are　designed

for　amusement　only；　and　may　be　fairly　comprehended　under　one　name？

　　Y。　Soc。　What　is　it？

　　Str。　Plaything　is　the　name。

　　Y。　Soc。　Certainly。

　　Str。　That　one　name　may　be　fitly　predicated　of　all　of　them；　for

none　of　these　things　have　a　serious　purpose…amusement　is　their　sole

aim。

　　Y。　Soc。　That　again　I　understand。

　　Str。　Then　there　is　a　class　which　provides　materials　for　all　these；

out　of　which　and　in　which　the　arts　already　mentioned　fabricate　their

works；…this　manifold　class；　I　say；　which　is　the　creation　and　

offspring

of　many　other　arts；　may　I　not　rank　sixth？

　　Y。　Soc。　What　do　you　mean？

　　Str。　I　am　referring　to　gold；　silver；　and　other　metals；　and　all

that　wood…cutting　and　shearing　of　every　sort　provides　for　the　art　of

carpentry　and　plaiting；　and　there　is　the　process　of　barking　and

stripping　the　cuticle　of　plants；　and　the　currier's　art；　which　strips

off　the　skins　of　animals；　and　other　similar　arts　which　manufacture

corks　and　papyri　and　cords；　and　provide　for　the　manufacture　of

composite　species　out　of　simple　kinds…the　whole　class　may　be　termed

the　primitive　and　simple　possession　of　man；　and　with　this　the　kingly

science　has　no　concern　at　all。

　　Y。　Soc。　True。

　　Str。　The　provision　of　food　and　of　all　other　things　which　mingle

their　particles　with　the　particles　of　the　human　body；　and　minister

to　the　body；　will　form　a　seventh　class；　which　may　be　called　by　the

general　term　of　nourishment；　unless　you　have　any　better　name　

to　offer。

This；　however；　appertains　rather　to　the　husbandman；　

huntsman；　trainer；

doctor；　cook；　and　is　not　to　be　assigned　to　the　Statesman's　art。

　　Y。　Soc。　Certainly　not。

　　Str。　These　seven　classes　include　nearly　every　description　of

property；　with　the　exception　of　tame　animals。　Consider；…there　was

the　original　ma