the history-第80章
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d a fort；〃 he said； 〃in the island of Leros； and； if driven from Miletus； should go there and bide his time； from Leros attacks might readily be made； and he might re…establish himself in Miletus。〃 Such was the advice given by Hecataeus。 Aristagoras； however； was bent on retiring to Myrcinus。 Accordingly； he put the government of Miletus into the hands of one of the chief citizens； named Pythagoras； and； taking with him all who liked to go； sailed to Thrace； and there made himself master of the place in question。 From thence he proceeded to attack the Thracians； but here he was cut off with his whole army； while besieging a city whose defenders were anxious to accept terms of surrender。 The Sixth Book； Entitled ERATO
ARISTAGORAS； the author of the Ionian revolt； perished in the way which I have described。 Meanwhile Histiaeus； tyrant of Miletus； who had been allowed by Darius to leave Susa； came down to Sardis。 On his arrival； being asked by Artaphernes； the Sardian satrap； what he thought was the reason that the Ionians had rebelled； he made answer that he could not conceive； and it had astonished him greatly； pretending to be quite unconscious of the whole business。 Artaphernes； however； who perceived that he was dealing dishonestly； and who had in fact full knowledge of the whole history of the outbreak； said to him； 〃I will tell thee how the case stands； Histiaeus： this shoe is of thy stitching； Aristagoras has but put it on。〃 Such was the remark made by Artaphernes concerning the rebellion。 Histiaeus； alarmed at the knowledge which he displayed； so soon as night fell； fled away to the coast。 Thus he forfeited his word to Darius； for though he had pledged himself to bring Sardinia； the biggest island in the whole world； under the Persian yoke； he in reality sought to obtain the direction of the war against the king。 Crossing over to Chios； he was there laid in bonds by the inhabitants； who accused him of intending some mischief against them in the interest of Darius。 However； when the whole truth was laid before them； and they found that Histiaeus was in reality a foe to the king； they forthwith set him at large again。 After this the Ionians inquired of him for what reason he had so strongly urged Aristagoras to revolt from the king； thereby doing their nation so ill a service。 In reply； he took good care not to disclose to them the real cause； but told them that King Darius had intended to remove the Phoenicians from their own country； and place them in Ionia； while he planted the Ionians in Phoenicia； and that it was for this reason he sent Aristagoras the order。 Now it was not true that the king had entertained any such intention； but Histiaeus succeeded hereby in arousing the fears of the Ionians。 After this； Histiaeus； by means of a certain Hermippus； a native of Atarneus； sent letters to many of the Persians in Sardis； who had before held some discourse with him concerning a revolt。 Hermippus； however； instead of conveying them to the persons to whom they were addressed； delivered them into the hands of Artaphernes； who； perceiving what was on foot； commanded Hermippus to deliver the letters according to their addresses； and then bring him back the answers which were sent to Histiaeus。 The traitors being in this way discovered； Artaphernes put a number of Persians to death； and caused a commotion in Sardis。 As for Histiaeus； when his hopes in this matter were disappointed； he persuaded the Chians to carry him back to Miletus； but the Milesians were too well pleased at having got quit of Aristagoras to be anxious to receive another tyrant into their country； besides which they had now tasted liberty。 They therefore opposed his return； and when he endeavoured to force an entrance during the night； one of the inhabitants even wounded him in the thigh。 Having been thus rejected from his country； he went back to Chios； whence； after failing in an attempt to induce the Chians to give him ships； he crossed over to Mytilene； where he succeeded in obtaining vessels from the Lesbians。 They fitted out a squadron of eight triremes； and sailed with him to the Hellespont； where they took up their station； and proceeded to seize all the vessels which passed out from the Euxine； unless the crews declared themselves ready to obey his orders。 While Histiaeus and the Mytilenaeans were thus employed； Miletus was expecting an attack from a vast armament； which comprised both a fleet and also a land force。 The Persian captains had drawn their several detachments together； and formed them into a single army； and had resolved to pass over all the other cities； which they regarded as of lesser account； and to march straight on Miletus。 Of the naval states； Phoenicia showed the greatest zeal； but the fleet was composed likewise of the Cyprians （who had so lately been brought under）； the Cilicians； and also the Egyptians。 While the Persians were thus making preparations against Miletus and Ionia； the Ionians； informed of their intent； sent their deputies to the Panionium； and held a council upon the posture of their affairs。 Hereat it was determined that no land force should be collected to oppose the Persians； but that the Milesians should be left to defend their own walls as they could； at the same time they agreed that the whole naval force of the states； not excepting a single ship； should be equipped； and should muster at Lade； a small island lying off Miletus… to give battle on behalf of the place。 Presently the Ionians began to assemble in their ships； and with them came the Aeolians of Lesbos； and in this way they marshalled their line：… The wing towards the east was formed of the Milesians themselves； who furnished eighty ships； next to them came the Prienians with twelve； and the Myusians with three ships； after the Myusians were stationed the Teians； whose ships were seventeen； then the Chians； who furnished a hundred。 The Erythraeans and Phocaeans followed； the former with eight； the latter with three ships； beyond the Phocaeans were the Lesbians； furnishing seventy； last of all came the Samians； forming the western wing； and furnishing sixty vessels。 The fleet amounted in all to three hundred and fifty…three triremes。 Such was the number on the Ionian side。 On the side of the barbarians the number of vessels was six hundred。 These assembled off the coast of Milesia； while the land army collected upon the shore； but the leaders； learning the strength of the Ionian fleet； began to fear lest they might fail to defeat them； in which case； not having the mastery at sea； they would be unable to reduce Miletus； and might in consequence receive rough treatment at the hands of Darius。 So when they thought of all these things； they resolved on the following course：… Calling together the Ionian tyrants； who had fled to the Medes for refuge when Aristagoras deposed them from their governments； and who were now in camp； having joined in the expedition against Miletus； the Persians addressed them thus： 〃Men of Ionia； now is the fit time to show your zeal for the house of the king。 Use your best efforts； every one of you； to detach your fellow…countrymen from the general body。 Hold forth to them the promise that； if they submit； no harm shall happen to them on account of their rebellion； their temples shall not be burnt； nor any of their private buildings； neither shall they be treated with greater harshness than before the outbreak。 But if they refuse to yield； and determine to try the chance of a battle； threaten them with the fate which shall assuredly overtake them in that case。 Tell them； when they are vanquished in fight； they shall be enslaved； their boys shall be made eunuchs； and their maidens transported to Bactra； while their country shall be delivered into the hands of foreigners。〃 Thus spake the Persians。 The Ionian tyrants sent accordingly by night to their respective citizens； and reported the words of the Persians； but the people were all staunch； and refused to betray their countrymen； those of each state thinking that they alone had had made to them。 Now these events happened on the first appearance of the Persians before Miletus。 Afterwards； while the Ionian fleet was still assembled at Lade； councils were held； and speeches made by divers persons… among the rest by Dionysius； the Phocaean captain； who thus expressed himself：… 〃Our affairs hang on the razor's edge； men of Ionia； either to be free or to be slaves； and slaves； too； who have shown themselves runaways。 Now then you have to choose whether you will endure hardships； and so for the present lead a life of toil； but thereby gain ability to overcome your enemies and establish your own freedom； or whether you will persist in this slothfulness and disorder； in which case I see no hope of your escaping the king's vengeance for your rebellion。 I beseech you； be persuaded by me； and trust yourselves to my guidance。 Then； if the gods only hold the balance fairly between us； I undertake to say that our foes will either decline a battle； or； if they fight； suffer complete discomfiture。〃 These words prevailed with the Ionians； and forthwith they committed themselves to Dionysius； whereupon he proceeded every day to make the ships move in column； and the rowers ply their oars； and exercise themselves in breaking the line； while the marines were held under arms； and the vessels were kept； till evening fell； upon their anchors； so that the men had nothing but toil from morning even to night。 Seven days did the Ionians continue obedient； and do whatsoever he bade them； but on the eighth day； worn out by the hardness of the work and the heat of the sun； and quite unaccustomed to such fatigues； they began to confer together； and to say one to another； 〃What god have we offended to bring upon ourselves such a punishment as this？ Fools and distracted that we were； to put ourselves into the hands of this Phocaean braggart； who does but furnish three ships to the fleet！ He； now that he has got us； plagues us in the most desperate fashion； many of us； in consequence； have fallen sick already… many more expect to follow。 We had better suffer anything rather than these hardships； even the slavery with which we are threatened； however harsh； can be no worse than our present thraldom。 Come； let us refuse him obedience。〃 So saying； they forthwith ceased to obey his orders； and pitched their tents； as if they had been soldiers； upon the island； where they reposed under the shade all day； and refused to go aboard the ships and train themselves。 Now when the Samian captains perceived what was taking place； they were more inclined than before to accept the terms which Aeaces； the son of Syloson； had been authorised by the Persians to offer them； on condition of their deserting from the confederacy。 For they saw that all was disorder among the Ionians； and they felt also that it was hopeless to contend with the power of the king； since if they defeated the fleet which had been sent against them； they knew that another would come five times as great。 So they took advantage of the occasion which now offered； and as soon as ever they saw the Ionians refuse to work； hastened gladly to provide for the safety of
