握握弌傍利 > 訊伽窮徨慕 > descartes¨ reason discourse(却触櫛議容尖) >

及7嫗

descartes¨ reason discourse(却触櫛議容尖)-及7嫗

弌傍�� descartes¨ reason discourse(却触櫛議容尖) 忖方�� 耽匈3500忖

梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




was   not�察  �and   that�察  �on   the   contrary�察  �from   the   very   circumstance   that   I 

thought to doubt of the truth of other things�察�it most clearly and certainly 

followed that I was�察�while�察�on the other hand�察�if I had only ceased to think�察�

although   all   the   other   objects   which   I   had   ever   imagined   had   been   in 

reality   existent�察  �I   would   have   had   no   reason   to   believe   that   I   existed�察  �I 

thence concluded   that   I   was   a   substance   whose   whole   essence or   nature 

consists   only   in   thinking�察  �and   which�察  �that   it   may   exist�察  �has   need   of   no 

place�察�nor is dependent on any material thing�察�so that ; I�察─�that is to say�察�the 

mind by which I am what I am�察�is wholly distinct from the body�察�and is 

even more easily known than the latter�察�and is such�察�that although the latter 

were not�察�it would still continue to be all that it is。 

     After this I inquired in general into what is essential I to the truth and 

certainty of a proposition�察�for since I had discovered one which I knew to 

be true�察�I thought that I must likewise be able to discover the ground of 

this certitude。      And as I observed that in the words I think�察�therefore I am�察�

there is nothing at all which gives me assurance of their truth beyond this�察�

that   I   see   very   clearly   that   in   order   to   think   it   is   necessary   to   exist�察  �I 

concluded that   I   might   take�察  �as   a   general   rule�察  �the   principle�察  �that   all   the 

things     which     we   very    clearly    and   distinctly    conceive      are  true�察  �only 

observing�察�however�察�that there is some difficulty in rightly determining the 

objects which we distinctly conceive。 

     In the next place�察�from reflecting on the circumstance that I doubted�察�

and that consequently my being was not wholly perfect ��for I clearly saw 

that it was a greater perfection to know than to doubt���察�I was led to inquire 

whence I had learned to think of something more perfect than myself�察�and 

I clearly recognized that I must hold this notion from some nature which 

in reality  was   more   perfect。       As   for the   thoughts   of many  other objects 

external to me�察�as of the sky�察�the earth�察�light�察�heat�察�and a thousand more�察�I 

was   less   at   a   loss   to   know   whence   these   came�察  �for   since   I   remarked   in 

them   nothing   which   seemed   to   render   them   superior   to   myself�察  �I   could 

believe that�察�if these were true�察�they were dependencies on my own nature�察�



                                                  26 


´ Page 27´

       DISCOURSE ON THE METHOD OF RIGHTLY CONDUCTING THE REASON�察�AND 



                            SEEKING TRUTH IN THE SCIENCES 



in so far as it possessed a certain perfection�察�and�察�if they were false�察�that I 

held them from nothing�察�that is to say�察�that they were in me because of a 

certain imperfection of my nature。             But this could not be the case with´ 

the   idea   of   a   nature   more   perfect   than   myself�察  �for   to   receive   it   from 

nothing   was   a   thing   manifestly   impossible�察  �and�察  �because   it   is   not   less 

repugnant that the more perfect should be an effect of�察�and dependence on 

the less perfect�察�than that something should proceed from nothing�察�it was 

equally   impossible   that   I   could   hold   it   from   myself�此  �accordingly�察  �it   but 

remained that it had been placed in me by a nature which was in reality 

more   perfect   than   mine�察  �and   which   even   possessed   within   itself   all   the 

perfections of which I could form any idea�察�that is to say�察�in a single word�察�

which was God。          And to this I added that�察�since I knew some perfections 

which I did not possess�察�I was not the only being in existence ��I will here�察�

with   your   permission�察  �freely   use   the   terms   of   the   schools���察  �but�察  �on   the 

contrary�察�that there was of necessity some other more perfect Being upon 

whom I was dependent�察�and from whom I had received all that I possessed�察�

for if I had existed alone�察�and independently of every other being�察�so as to 

have had from  myself all the perfection�察�however little�察�which I actually 

possessed�察�I should have been able�察�for the same reason�察�to have had from 

myself   the   whole   remainder   of   perfection�察  �of   the   want   of   which   I   was 

conscious�察     �and    thus   could    of  myself     have    bee      infinite�察 �eternal�察�

immutable�察�omniscient�察�all´powerful�察�and�察�in fine�察�have possessed all the 

perfections   which   I   could   recognize   in   God。      For   in   order   to   know   the 

nature   of   God   ��whose   existence   has   been   established   by   the   preceding 

reasonings���察�as far as my own nature permitted�察�I had only to consider in 

reference to all the properties of which I found in my                  mind some idea�察�

whether their possession was a mark of perfection�察�and I was assured that 

no one which indicated any imperfection was in him�察�and that none of the 

rest was awanting。         Thus I perceived that doubt�察�inconstancy�察              �sadness�察�

and such like�察�could not be found in God�察�since I myself would have been 

happy   to   be   free   from   them。   Besides�察  �I   had   ideas   of   many   sensible   and 

corporeal things�察�for although I might suppose that I was dreaming�察 �and 

that all which I saw or imagined was false�察�I could not�察�nevertheless�察�deny 

that the ideas were in reality in my thoughts。              But�察�because I had already 



                                                27 


´ Page 28´

       DISCOURSE ON THE METHOD OF RIGHTLY CONDUCTING THE REASON�察�AND 



                             SEEKING TRUTH IN THE SCIENCES 



very clearly recognized in myself that the intelligent nature is distinct from 

the   corporeal�察  �and   as   I   observed   that   all   position   is   an   evidence   of 

dependency�察       �and   that   a  state   of  dependency       is  manifestly     a   state  of 

imperfection�察  �I   therefore   determined   that   it   could   not   be   a   perfection   in 

God to be pounded of these two natures and that consequently he was 

not so pounded�察�but that if there were any bodies in the world�察�or even 

any   intelligences�察     �or  other   natures    that   were    not  wholly   perfect�察    �their 

existence depended on his power in such a way that they could not subsist 

without him for a single moment。 

     I was disposed straightway to search for other truths and when I had 

represented to myself the object of the geometers�察�which I conceived to be 

a continuous body or a space indefinitely extended in length�察�breadth�察�and 

height or depth�察�divisible into divers parts which admit of different figures 

and sizes�察�and of being moved or transposed in all manner of ways ��for all 

this the geometers suppose to be in the object they contemplate���察�I went 

over   some   of   their   simplest   demonstrations。         And�察  �in   the   first   place�察  �I 

observed�察�that the great certitude which by mon consent is accorded to 

these   demonstrations�察  �is   founded   solely   upon   this�察  �that   they   are   clearly 

conceived   in   accordance   with   the   rules   I   have   already   laid   down   In   the 

next     place�察   �I   perceived      that   there    was     nothing     at   all   in   these 

demonstrations   which   could   assure   me   of   the   existence   of   their   object�此�

thus�察�for example�察�supposing a triangle to be given�察�I distinctly perceived 

that its three angles were necessarily equal to two right angles�察�but I did 

not   on   that   account   perceive   anything   which   could   assure   me   that   any 

triangle existed�此      �while�察�on the contrary�察�recurring to the examination of 

the idea   of a   Perfect Being�察  �I   found that the existence of the   Being   was 

prised in the idea in the same way that the equality of its three angles 

to two right angles is prised in the idea of a triangle�察�or as in the idea 

of a sphere�察�the equidistance of all points on its surface from the center�察�or 

even still more clearly�察�and that consequently it is at least as certain that 

God�察  �who   is   this   Perfect   Being�察  �is�察  �or   exists�察  �as   any   demonstration   of 

geometry can be。 

     But the reason which leads many to persuade them selves that there is 

a   difficulty   in   knowing   this   truth�察  �and   even   also   in   knowing   what   their 



                                                 28 


´ Page 29´

       DISCOURSE ON THE METHOD OF RIGHTLY CONDUCTING THE REASON�察�AND 



                            SEEKING TRUTH IN THE SCIENCES 



mind really is�察�is that they never raise their thoughts above sensible objects�察�

and are so accustomed to consider nothing except by way of imagination�察�

which is a mode of thinking limited to material objects�察�that all that is not 

imaginable seems to them not intelligible。             The truth of this is sufficiently 

manifest from the single circumstance�察�that the philosophers of the schools 

accept as   a maxim  that there   is nothing in the understanding which   was 

not previously in the senses�察�in which however it is certain that the ideas 

of God and of the soul have never been�察�and it appears to me that they who 

make use of their imagination to   prehend these ideas   do exactly  the 

some   thing   as   if�察  �in   order   to   hear   sounds   or   smell   odors�察  �they   strove   to 

avail themselves of their eyes�察�unless indeed that there is this difference�察�

that the sense of sight does not afford us an inferior assurance to those of 

smell or hearing�察�in place of which�察�neither our imagination nor our senses 

can give us assurance of anything unless our understanding intervene。 

     Finally�察�if there be still persons who are not sufficiently persuaded of 

the existence of God and of the soul�察�by the reasons I have adduced�察�I am 

desirous that they should know that all the other propositions�察�of the truth 

of which they deem themselves perhaps more assured�察�as that we have a 

body�察�and that there exist stars and an earth�察�and such like�察�are less certain�察�

for�察�although we have a moral assurance of these things�察�which is so strong 

that there is an appearance of extravagance in doubting of their existence�察�

yet   at   the   same   time   no   one�察  �unless   his   intellect   is   impaired�察  �can   deny�察�

when      the  question     relates   to  a   metaphysical      certitude�察  �that   there   is 

sufficient reason to exclude entire assurance�察�in the observation that when 

asleep   we   can   in   the   same   way   imagine   ourselves   possessed   of   another 

body and that we see other stars and another earth�察�when there is nothing 

of   the   kind。   For   how   do   we   know   that   the   thoughts   which   occur   in 

dreaming   are   false   rather   t

卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��4�� 家��5��

低辛嬬浪散議