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descartes¨ reason discourse(却触櫛議容尖)-及11嫗

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梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




being rarefied�察�passes from the heart towards the extremities of the arteries�察�

causes certain of its parts to remain in the members at which they arrive�察�

and   there   occupy   the   place   of   some   others   expelled   by   them�察  �and   that 

according   to   the   situation�察  �shape�察  �or   smallness   of   the   pores   with   which 

they  meet�察 �some rather         than   others flow  into certain   parts�察�in   the same 

way     that  some    sieves   are   observed     to  act�察 �which�察   �by   being   variously 

perforated�察�serve to separate different species of grain�拭                �And�察�in the last 

place�察�what above all is here worthy of observation�察�is the generation of 

the animal spirits�察�which are like a very subtle wind�察�or rather a very pure 

and vivid flame which�察�continually ascending in great abundance from the 

heart to the brain�察�thence penetrates through the nerves into the muscles�察�

and gives motion to all the members�察�so that to account for other parts of 

the    blood   which�察    �as  most    agitated   and    penetrating�察   �are   the  fittest  to 

pose these spirits�察�proceeding towards the brain�察�it is not necessary to 

suppose any other cause�察�than simply�察�that the arteries which carry them 

thither proceed from the heart in the most direct lines�察�and that�察�according 

to the rules of mechanics which are the same with those of nature�察�when 

many objects tend at once to the same point where there is not sufficient 

room for all ��as is the case with the parts of the blood which flow forth 

from the left cavity of the heart and tend towards the brain���察�the weaker 

and less agitated parts must necessarily be driven aside from that point by 

the   stronger   which   alone   in   this   way   reach   it   I   had   expounded   all   these 

matters with sufficient minuteness in the treatise which I formerly thought 

of publishing。       And after these�察�I had shown what must be the fabric of 

the   nerves   and   muscles   of   the   human   body   to   give   the   animal   spirits 

contained   in   it   the   power   to   move   the   members�察  �as   when   we   see   heads 

shortly   after    they   have   been    struck   off  still  move    and   bite  the   earth�察�

although no longer animated�察�what changes must take place in the brain to 

produce waking�察�sleep�察�and dreams�察�how light�察�sounds�察�odors�察�tastes�察�heat�察�



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and all the other qualities of external objects impress it with different ideas 

by    means     of   the   senses�察  �how     hunger�察   �thirst�察  �and   the   other   internal 

affections     can    likewise    impress     upon    it  divers    ideas�察  �what    must    be 

understood by the mon sense ��sensus munis�� in which these ideas 

are received�察�by the memory which retains them�察�by the fantasy which can 

change   them  in   various   ways�察 �and   out   of   them  pose   new   ideas�察  �and 

which�察  �by   the   same   means�察  �distributing   the   animal   spirits   through   the 

muscles�察  �can   cause   the   members   of   such   a   body   to   move   in   as   many 

different ways�察�and in a manner as suited�察�whether to the objects that are 

presented to its senses or to its internal affections�察�as can take place in our 

own case apart from the guidance of the will。                 Nor will this appear at all 

strange     to  those    who    are   acquainted      with   the   variety   of   movements 

performed   by   the   different   automata�察  �or   moving   machines   fabricated   by 

human industry�察�and that with help of but few pieces pared with the 

great multitude of bones�察�muscles�察�nerves�察�arteries�察�veins�察�and other parts 

that are found in the body of each animal。                Such persons will look upon 

this body as a machine made by the hands of God�察�which is inparably 

better arranged�察�and adequate to movements more admirable than is any 

machine of human invention。              And here I specially stayed to show that�察�

were there such machines exactly resembling organs and outward form an 

ape or any other irrational animal�察�we could   have no means of   knowing 

that they were in any respect of a different nature from these animals�察�but 

if   there   were   machines   bearing   the   image   of   our   bodies�察  �and   capable   of 

imitating   our   actions   as   far   as   it   is   morally   possible�察  �there   would   still 

remain      two   most    certain    tests  whereby      to  know     that   they   were    not 

therefore really men。         Of these the first is that they could never use words 

or other signs arranged in such a manner as is petent to us in order to 

declare our thoughts to others�此           �for we may easily conceive a machine to 

be   so   constructed   that   it   emits   vocables�察  �and   even   that   it   emits   some 

correspondent   to   the   action   upon   it   of   external   objects   which   cause   a 

change in its organs�察�for example�察�if touched in a particular place it may 

demand what we wish to say to it�察�if in another it may cry out that it is hurt�察�

and     such   like�察  �but   not   that   it  should    arrange    them    variously     so   as 

appositely  to   reply  to   what   is   said   in its presence�察  �as   men   of   the   lowest 



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grade of intellect can do。        The second test is�察�that although such machines 

might execute many things with equal or perhaps greater perfection than 

any of us�察�they would�察�without doubt�察�fail in certain others from which it 

could be discovered that they did not act from knowledge�察�but solely from 

the    disposition     of   their  organs�此     �for    while    reason    is  an   universal 

instrument that is alike available on every occasion�察�these organs�察�on the 

contrary�察�need a particular arrangement for each particular action�察�whence 

it   must   be   morally   impossible   that   there   should   exist   in   any   machine   a 

diversity of organs sufficient to enable it to act in all the occurrences of 

life�察�in the way in which our reason enables us to act。                 Again�察�by means 

of these two tests we may likewise know the difference between men and 

brutes。     For it is highly deserving of remark�察�that there are no men so dull 

and stupid�察�not even idiots�察�as to be incapable of joining together different 

words�察  �and   thereby   constructing   a   declaration   by   which   to   make   their 

thoughts understood�察�and that on the other hand�察�there is no other animal�察�

however   perfect   or   happily   circumstanced�察  �which   can   do   the   like。       Nor 

does     this  inability   arise   from    want    of  organs�此    �for   we    observe    that 

magpies and parrots can utter words like ourselves�察�and are yet unable to 

speak as we do�察�that is�察�so as to show that they understand what they say�察�

in place of which men born deaf and dumb�察�and thus not less�察�but rather 

more than the brutes�察�destitute of the organs which others use in speaking�察�

are   in   the   habit   of   spontaneously   inventing   certain   signs   by   which   they 

discover their thoughts to those who�察�being usually in their pany�察�have 

leisure   to   learn   their   language。 And   this   proves   not   only   that   the   brutes 

have less reason than man�察�but that they have none at all�此                �for we see that 

very   little   is   required   to   enable   a   person   to   speak�察  �and   since   a   certain 

inequality of capacity is observable among animals of the same species�察�as 

well as among men�察�and since some are more capable of being instructed 

than others�察�it is incredible that the most perfect ape or parrot of its species�察�

should not in this be equal to the most stupid infant of its kind or at least to 

one   that   was   crack´brained�察  �unless   the   soul   of   brutes   were   of   a   nature 

wholly different from ours。           And we ought not to confound speech with 

the natural movements which indicate the passions�察�and can be imitated by 

machines as well as manifested by animals�察�nor must it be thought with 



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certain     of   the   ancients�察   �that   the   brutes    speak�察   �although      we   do    not 

understand   their   language。         For   if   such   were   the   case�察  �since   they   are 

endowed        with   many     organs     analogous      to  ours�察  �they    could    as  easily 

municate   their   thoughts   to   us   as   to   their   fellows。        It   is   also   very 

worthy   of   remark�察  �that�察  �though   there   are   many   animals   which   manifest 

more industry than we in certain of their actions�察�the same animals are yet 

observed to show none   at all in many  others�此                 �so that the   circumstance 

that   they   do   better   than   we   does   not   prove   that   they   are   endowed   with 

mind�察�for it would thence follow that they possessed greater reason than 

any   of   us�察  �and   could   surpass   us   in   all   things�察  �on   the   contrary�察  �it   rather 

proves that they are destitute of reason�察�and that it is nature which acts in 

them according to the disposition of their organs�此                  �thus it is seen�察�that a 

clock   posed   only   of   wheels   and   weights   can   number   the   hours   and 

measure time more exactly than we with all our skin。 

     I had after this described the reasonable soul�察�and shown that it could 

by no means be educed from the power of matter�察�as the other things of 

which I had spoken�察�but that it must be expressly created�察�and that it is not 

sufficient that it be lodged in the human body exactly like a pilot in a ship�察�

unless perhaps to move its members�察�but that it is necessary for it to be 

joined and united more closely to the body�察�in order to have sensations and 

appetites similar to ours�察�and thus constitute a real man。 I here entered�察�in 

conclusion�察�upon the subject of the soul at considerable length�察�because it 

is   of   the   greatest   moment�此     �for   after   the   error   of   those   who   deny   the 

existence of God�察�an error which I think I have already sufficiently refuted�察�

there is none that is more powerful in leading feeble minds astray from the 

straight path of virtue than the supposition that the soul of the brutes is of 

the   same   nature   with   our   own�察  �and   consequently   that   after   this   life   

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