the hunchback of notre dame-第22章

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　de　Ville；　the　University；　the　Sorbonne。　The　Town　had　the　markets　（Halles）；　the　city；　the　Hospital；　the　University；　the　Pré…aux…Clercs。　　Offences　committed　by　the　scholars　on　the　left　bank　were　tried　in　the　law　courts　on　the　island；　and　were　punished　on　the　right　bank　at　Montfau？on；　unless　the　rector；　feeling　the　university　to　be　strong　and　the　king　weak；　intervened；　for　it　was　the　students'　privilege　to　be　hanged　on　their　own　grounds。

The　greater　part　of　these　privileges；　it　may　be　noted　in　passing；　and　there　were　some　even　better　than　the　above；　had　been　extorted　from　the　kings　by　revolts　and　mutinies。　　It　is　the　course　of　things　from　time　immemorial；　the　king　only　lets　go　when　the　people　tear　away。　　There　is　an　old　charter　which　puts　the　matter　naively：　apropos　of　fidelity：　~Civibus　fidelitas　in　reges；　quoe　tamen　aliquoties　seditionibus　interrypta；　multa　peperit　privileyia~。

In　the　fifteenth　century；　the　Seine　bathed　five　islands　within　the　walls　of　Paris：　Louviers　island；　where　there　were　then　trees；　and　where　there　is　no　longer　anything　but　wood；　l'ile　aux　Vaches；　and　l'ile　Notre…Dame；　both　deserted；　with　the　exception　of　one　house；　both　fiefs　of　the　bishopin　the　seventeenth　century；　a　single　island　was　formed　out　of　these　two；　which　was　built　upon　and　named　l'ile　Saint…Louis；　lastly　the　City；　and　at　its　point；　the　little　islet　of　the　cow　tender；　which　was　afterwards　engulfed　beneath　the　platform　of　the　Pont…Neuf。　　The　City　then　had　five　bridges：　three　on　the　right；　the　Pont　Notre…Dame；　and　the　Pont　au　Change；　of　stone；　the　Pont　aux　Meuniers；　of　wood；　two　on　the　left；　the　Petit　Pont；　of　stone；　the　Pont　Saint…Michel；　of　wood；　all　loaded　with　houses。

The　University　had　six　gates；　built　by　Philip　Augustus；　there　were；　beginning　with　la　Tournelle；　the　Porte　Saint…　Victor；　the　Porte　Bordelle；　the　Porte　Papale；　the　Porte　Saint…　Jacques；　the　Porte　Saint…Michel；　the　Porte　Saint…Germain。　The　Town　had　six　gates；　built　by　Charles　V。；　beginning　with　the　Tour　de　Billy　they　were：　the　Porte　Saint…Antoine；　the　Porte　du　Temple；　the　Porte　Saint…Martin；　the　Porte　Saint…Denis；　the　Porte　Montmartre；　the　Porte　Saint…Honoré。　　All　these　gates　were　strong；　and　also　handsome；　which　does　not　detract　from　strength。　　A　large；　deep　moat；　with　a　brisk　current　during　the　high　water　of　winter；　bathed　the　base　of　the　wall　round　Paris；　the　Seine　furnished　the　water。　　At　night；　the　gates　were　shut；　the　river　was　barred　at　both　ends　of　the　city　with　huge　iron　chains；　and　Paris　slept　tranquilly。

From　a　bird's…eye　view；　these　three　burgs；　the　City；　the　Town；　and　the　University；　each　presented　to　the　eye　an　inextricable　skein　of　eccentrically　tangled　streets。　　Nevertheless；　at　first　sight；　one　recognized　the　fact　that　these　three　fragments　formed　but　one　body。　　One　immediately　perceived　three　long　parallel　streets；　unbroken；　undisturbed；　traversing；　almost　in　a　straight　line；　all　three　cities；　from　one　end　to　the　other；　from　North　to　South；　perpendicularly；　to　the　Seine；　which　bound　them　together；　mingled　them；　infused　them　in　each　other；　poured　and　transfused　the　people　incessantly；　from　one　to　the　other；　and　made　one　out　of　the　three。　　The　first　of　these　streets　ran　from　the　Porte　Saint…Martin：　it　was　called　the　Rue　Saint…Jacques　in　the　University；　Rue　de　la　Juiverie　in　the　City；　Rue　Saint…Martin　in　the　Town；　it　crossed　the　water　twice；　under　the　name　of　the　Petit　Pont　and　the　Pont　Notre…　Dame。　　The　second；　which　was　called　the　Rue　de　la　Harpe　on　the　left　bank；　Rue　de　la　Barillerié　in　the　island；　Rue　Saint…　Denis　on　the　right　bank；　Pont　Saint…Michel　on　one　arm　of　the　Seine；　Pont　au　Change　on　the　other；　ran　from　the　Porte　Saint…Michel　in　the　University；　to　the　Porte　Saint…Denis　in　the　Town。　　However；　under　all　these　names；　there　were　but　two　streets；　parent　streets；　generating　streets；the　two　arteries　of　Paris。　　All　the　other　veins　of　the　triple　city　either　derived　their　supply　from　them　or　emptied　into　them。

Independently　of　these　two　principal　streets；　piercing　Paris　diametrically　in　its　whole　breadth；　from　side　to　side；　common　to　the　entire　capital；　the　City　and　the　University　had　also　each　its　own　great　special　street；　which　ran　lengthwise　by　them；　parallel　to　the　Seine；　cutting；　as　it　passed；　at　right　angles；　the　two　arterial　thoroughfares。　　Thus；　in　the　Town；　one　descended　in　a　straight　line　from　the　Porte　Saint…Antoine　to　the　Porte　Saint…Honoré；　in　the　University　from　the　Porte　Saint…Victor　to　the　Porte　Saint…Germain。　　These　two　great　thoroughfares　intersected　by　the　two　first；　formed　the　canvas　upon　which　reposed；　knotted　and　crowded　together　on　every　hand；　the　labyrinthine　network　of　the　streets　of　Paris。　　In　the　incomprehensible　plan　of　these　streets；　one　distinguished　likewise；　on　looking　attentively；　two　clusters　of　great　streets；　like　magnified　sheaves　of　grain；　one　in　the　University；　the　other　in　the　Town；　which　spread　out　gradually　from　the　bridges　to　the　gates。

Some　traces　of　this　geometrical　plan　still　exist　to…day。

Now；　what　aspect　did　this　whole　present；　when；　as　viewed　from　the　summit　of　the　towers　of　Notre…Dame；　in　1482？　That　we　shall　try　to　describe。

For　the　spectator　who　arrived；　panting；　upon　that　pinnacle；　it　was　first　a　dazzling　confusing　view　of　roofs；　chimneys；　streets；　bridges；　places；　spires；　bell　towers。　　Everything　struck　your　eye　at　once：　the　carved　gable；　the　pointed　roof；　the　turrets　suspended　at　the　angles　of　the　walls；　the　stone　pyramids　of　the　eleventh　century；　the　slate　obelisks　of　the　fifteenth；　the　round；　bare　tower　of　the　donjon　keep；　the　square　and　fretted　tower　of　the　church；　the　great　and　the　little；　the　massive　and　the　aerial。　　The　eye　was；　for　a　long　time；　wholly　lost　in　this　labyrinth；　where　there　was　nothing　which　did　not　possess　its　originality；　its　reason；　its　genius；　its　beauty；nothing　which　did　not　proceed　from　art；　beginning　with　the　smallest　house；　with　its　painted　and　carved　front；　with　external　beams；　elliptical　door；　with　projecting　stories；　to　the　royal　Louvre；　which　then　had　a　colonnade　of　towers。　　But　these　are　the　principal　masses　which　were　then　to　be　distinguished　when　the　eye　began　to　accustom　itself　to　this　tumult　of　edifices。

In　the　first　place；　the　City。〃The　island　of　the　City；〃　as　Sauval　says；　who；　in　spite　of　his　confused　medley；　sometimes　has　such　happy　turns　of　expression；〃the　island　of　the　city　is　made　like　a　great　ship；　stuck　in　the　mud　and　run　aground　in　the　current；　near　the　centre　of　the　Seine。〃

We　have　just　explained　that；　in　the　fifteenth　century；　this　ship　was　anchored　to　the　two　banks　of　the　river　by　five　bridges。　　This　form　of　a　ship　had　also　struck　the　heraldic　scribes；　for　it　is　from　that；　and　not　from　the　siege　by　the　Normans；　that　the　ship　which　blazons　the　old　shield　of　Paris；　comes；　according　to　Favyn　and　Pasquier。　　For　him　who　understands　how　to　decipher　them；　armorial　bearings　are　algebra；　armorial　bearings　have　a　tongue。　　The　whole　history　of　the　second　half　of　the　Middle　Ages　is　written　in　armorial　bearings；the　first　half　is　in　the　symbolism　of　the　Roman　churches。　　They　are　the　hieroglyphics　of　feudalism；　succeeding　those　of　theocracy。

Thus　the　City　first　presented　itself　to　the　eye；　with　its　stern　to　the　east；　and　its　prow　to　the　west。　　Turning　towards　the　prow；　one　had　before　one　an　innumerable　flock　of　ancient　roofs；　over　which　arched　broadly　the　lead…covered　apse　of　the　Sainte…Chapelle；　like　an　elephant's　haunches　loaded　with　its　tower。　　Only　here；　this　tower　was　the　most　audacious；　the　most　open；　the　most　ornamented　spire　of　cabinet…maker's　work　that　ever　let　the　sky　peep　through　its　cone　of　lace。　　In　front　of　Notre…Dame；　and　very　near　at　hand；　three　streets　opened　into　the　cathedral　square；a　fine　square；　lined　with　ancient　houses。　　Over　the　south　side　of　this　place　bent　the　wrinkled　and　sullen　fa？ade　of　the　H？tel　Dieu；　and　its　roof；　which　seemed　covered　with　warts　and　pustules。　　Then；　on　the　right　and　the　left；　to　east　and　west；　within　that　wall　of　the　City；　which　was　yet　so　contracted；　rose　the　bell　towers　of　its　one　and　twenty　churches；　of　every　date；　of　every　form；　of　every　size；　from　the　low　and　wormeaten　belfry　of　Saint…Denis　du　Pas　（~Carcer　Glaueini~）　to　the　slender　needles　of　Saint…Pierre　aux　Boeufs　and　Saint…Landry。

Behind　Notre…Dame；　the　cloister　and　its　Gothic　galleries　spread　out　towards　the　north；　on　the　south；　the　half…Roman　palace　of　the　bishop；　on　the　east；　the　desert　point　of　the　Terrain。　　In　this　throng　of　houses　the　eye　also　distinguished；　by　the　lofty　open…work　mitres　of　stone　which　then　crowned　the　roof　itself；　even　the　most　elevated　windows　of　the　palace；　the　H？tel　given　by　the　city；　under　Charles　VI。；　to　Juvénal　des　Ursins；　a　little　farther　on；　the　pitch…covered　sheds　of　the　Palus　Market；　in　still　another　quarter　the　new　apse　of　Saint…　Germain　le　Vieux；　lengthened　in　1458；　with　a　bit　of　the　Rue　aux　Febves；　and　then；　in　places；　a　square　crowded　with　people；　a　pillory；　erected　at　the　corner　of　a　street；　a　fine　fragment　of　the　pavement　of　Philip　Augustus；　a　magnificent　flagging；　grooved　for　the　horses'　feet；　in　the　middle　of　the　road；　and　so　badly　replaced　in　the　sixteenth　century　by　the　miserable　cobblestones；　called　the　〃pavement　of　the　League；〃　a　deserted　back　courtyard；　with　one　of　those　diaphanous　staircase　turrets；　such　as　were　erected　in　the　fifteenth　century；　one　of　which　is　still　to　be　seen　in　the　Rue　des　Bourdonnais。　Lastly；　at　the　right　of　the　Sainte…Chapelle；　towards　the　west；　the　Palais　de　Justice　rested　its　group　of　towers　at　the　edge　of　the　water。　　The　thickets　of　the　king's　gardens；　which　covered　the　western　point　of　the　City；　masked　the　Island　du　Passeur。　　As　for　the　water；　from　the　summit　of　the　towers　of　Notre…Dame　one　hardly　saw　it；　on　either　side　of　the　City；　the　Seine　was　hidden　by　bridges；　the　bridges　by　houses。

And　when　the　glance　passed　these　bridges；　whose　roofs　were　visibly　green；　rendered　mouldy　before　their　time　by　the　vapors　from　the　water；　if　it　was　directed　to　the　left；　towards　the　University；　the　first　edifice　which　struck　it　was　a　large；　low　sheaf　of　towers；　the　Petit…Chàtelet；　whose　yawning　gate　devoured　the　end　of　the　Petit…Pont。　　Then；　if　your　view　ran　along　the　bank；　from　east　to　west；　from　the　Tournelle　to　the　Tour　de　Nesle；　there　was　a　long　cordon　of　houses；　with　carved　beams；　stained…glass　windows；　each　story　projecting　over　that　beneath　it；　an　interminable　zigzag　of　bourgeois　gables；　frequently　interrupted　by　the　mouth　of　a　street；　and　from　time　to　time　also　by　the　front　or　angle　of　a　huge　stone　mansion；　planted　at　its　ease；　with　courts　and　gardens；　wings　and　detached　buildings；　amid　this　populace　of　crowded　and　narrow　houses；　like　a　grand　gentleman　among　a　throng　of　rustics。　There　were　five　or　six　of　these　mansions　on　the　quay；　from　the　house　of　Lorraine；　which　shared　with　the　Bernardins　the　grand　enclosure　adjoining　the　Tournelle；　to　the　H？tel　de　Nesle；　whose　principal　tower　ended　Paris；　and　whose　pointed　roofs　were　in　a　position；　during　three　months　of　the　year；　to　encroach；　with　their　black　triangles；　upon　the　scarlet　disk　of　the　setting　sun。

This　side　of　the　Seine　was；　however；　the　least　mercantile　of　the　two。　　Students　furnished　more　of　a　crowd　and　more　noise　there　than　artisans；　and　there　was　not；　properly　speaking；　any　quay；　except　from　the　Pont　Saint…Michel　to　the　Tou