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Your investment in Arabic is likely to gain in value when Israel and the Arab states  
achieve a settlement allowing for commerce and development to replace a half century of  
open warfare。         
Hebrew         
Hebrew is one of the more difficult languages; and the numerical incentives for tackling  
it are not great because Hebrew is spoken only in Israel and in small communities of  
Israelis in America and other Western countries。 Until recently the teaching of Hebrew  
was illegal in the Soviet Union; but classrooms are overflowing now across the country  
as Jews prepare to emigrate to Israel or assert their Jewishness inside the Soviet Union。  
Hebrew is spoken wherever Jews worship around the world; and there is a surge of  
interest in learning Hebrew among young Americans who were born Jewish even though  
they may not have had a strong Jewish upbringing。    
If you’re not Jewish and choose to learn Hebrew anyhow; you will set loose waves  
of appreciation among Jews grateful to outsiders willing to go to that much trouble。    
Once you learn the Hebrew alphabet; you’ll be in command of virtually the same  
alphabet used by Yiddish; a language based on fifteenth century low German that was  
spoken by millions of East European Jews before Hitler’s extermination and is still  
understood in a surprising number of places。 It’s also the alphabet used by Ladino; the  
“Spanish of Cervantes” that became the “Yiddish” of the Jews of Spanish origin who  
scattered throughout the eastern Mediterranean after the beginning of the Spanish  
Inquisition。 There are few language thrills that can match that of an American who  
learned the Hebrew alphabet in Hebrew school looking at a printed page in a language he  
didn’t know existed (many Jews themselves are totally unaware of the existence of  
Ladino) and discovering he can read it and understand it with his high school Spanish!         
Greek         
Modern Greek has a grammar slightly less glorious than that of its ancient civilisation。 In  
difficulty; Greek falls somewhere between French and Russian。 Each verb has two forms  
and verbs change according to person; number; and tense。 The future tense is almost as  
easy as it is in English – the word tha serving the role of our will。 Adjectives agree with  
their nouns according to gender (three of them) and number。    
Greek enjoys a leftover prestige; not only from ancient times but from the not long  
vanished tradition of the scholar who prided himself on being at home in Latin and  
Ancient Greek。 Every five minutes during your study of Greek you’ll be reminded of our  
debt to the Greek language。 Zestos means “hot” (“zesty”); chronos means “time” or  
“year;” “number” is arithmo; when you want your cheque in a restaurant you ask for the  
logariazmo (as in “logarithm”); the Greek word for “clear” describing weather is  
katharos (as in “catharsis”); “season” is epohi (“epoch”); and so on。    
Greek may be the language of one small European country only; but there are  
thriving Greek communities throughout the Middle East; Egypt; and other parts of Africa;  
and the United States。 Enterprising Greeks have carried the language around the world。         
Swedish; Danish; Norwegian    
      
The Scandinavian languages are lumped together because of their similarity and the  
reliability with which natives of one Scandinavian country can deal with the languages of  
the others。 That similarity is something for you to know and enjoy; not something for you  
to mention to the Scandinavians themselves。 They’re horrified when outsiders say; “Gee;  
Swedish; Danish; and Norwegian are all alike!” They prefer to dwell upon the  
differences。 There was a popular movement in Norwegian early in the twentieth century  
to change the language for no apparent reason other than to make it less like Danish。    
If your aim is to communicate in all three countries; learn Norwegian first。 It’s the  
linguistic centre of Scandinavia。 A Dane can deal comfortably with Norwegian; but much  
less so with Swedish。 A Swede can deal comfortably with Norwegian; but much less so  
with Danish。 A Norwegian can deal comfortably with both Swedish and Danish。    
The Scandinavian languages are relatively easy for Americans to learn。 They’re  
Germanic languages; related to English; but vastly easier to learn than German。 The verbs  
don’t change for person and number; and only slightly for tense。 The word order follows  
English obligingly most of the way。 Like Dutch; the Scandinavian languages have two  
genders – common and neuter – and the definite article follows the noun and becomes  
one word。 (For example; “a pen” in Norwegian is en penn; “the pen” is pennen。)    
Holland is said to be the non…English speaking country with the highest percentage  
of people fluent in English。 The three Scandinavian countries are close behind。 You may  
never need their language no matter where you go or who you deal with in Scandinavia;  
but Scandinavians are among the most appreciative people on earth if you know their  
language anyhow。         
Polish; Croatian; Czech; Slovak; Slovenian         
These western Slavic languages use the Roman alphabet。 The eastern Slavic languages  
use the Cyrillic (sometimes mistakenly called the Russian) alphabet。 Don’t suggest it  
after a few drinks in Warsaw; but Polish might be better off using the Cyrillic alphabet。 A  
Polish sound resembling the sh combined with the following ch in push charlie is spelled  
szcz in Polish。 That sound; which requires four letters in the Roman alphabet; needs only  
one in the Cyrillic! Romanising Slavic languages leads to orthographical madness。 A  
newspaper reporter in a small Southern town went into his editor’s office and said;  
“There’s been an earthquake in the Polish city of Pszczyna。” He showed the editor the  
story off the wire。 After a momentary frown the editor looked up and said; “Find out  
what the name of the place was before the earthquake!”    
Except for Polish; none of these languages has much bounce beyond its borders; but  
if your reason for wanting to learn them involves family; love; or business; that won’t  
matter。 All Slavic languages are grammatically complex。 Verbs change for reasons that  
leave even those who speak Romance languages weeping over their wine and wondering  
why。 There are at least six noun cases in every Slavic language; sometimes seven。    
The big payoff in learning any of these Slavic languages is the automatic down  
payment you’re making on Russian itself。 Russian will be a breeze if you already know  
another Slavic language; and conversely; the other Slavic languages will come more  
easily if you already know Russian。         
 
Serbian; Bulgarian; Macedonian; Ukranian;    
Byelorussian         
Everything stated above about the western Slavic languages applies to these eastern  
Slavic languages with one exception – they use the Cyrillic alphabet; with slight  
variations from language to language。    
The similarities between Serbian and Croatian; the main languages of Yugoslavia;  
are so striking the languages are usually lumped together as Serbo…Croatian。    
If you know any two Slavic languages; you can make yourself understood in any of  
the other Slavic languages。 That may be challenged by Slavic scholars; but it works well  
in real life between the western border of Poland and the Ural Mountains and from the  
arctic tip of Russia to the Black Sea beaches of Bulgaria。                        
Indonesian         
Indonesia is the world’s most populous Muslim nation。 Consisting of hundreds of islands  
spread out over a South Pacific area the size of the United States; Indonesia is easily the  
largest country in the world about which the most other people in the world know the  
least。 With enough mineral wealth in the ground to make it an economic superpower;  
Indonesia is still frequently confused with India or Polynesia。    
Indonesian is the easiest major language in the world for a foreigner to learn。 It was  
called Pasar Malay (“Bazaar Malay”) by the colonial Dutch who looked upon the  
Indonesian language as a kind of baby talk for servants and merchants。 When Indonesia  
won independence in 1948; the ruler; Sukarno; did his best to take that unstructured  
language and graft some sophisticated grammar onto it to make it more regimented and  
thus difficult。 He failed。    
Indonesian still has nothing that will be regarded as grammar by anybody who’s  
done battle with Latin or Russian。 There are suffixes and prefixes aplenty; neat and  
regular; that convert verbs into nouns and give verbs additional meanings and the like;  
but no inflections according to person; number; tense; aspect; or anything else。    
Indonesian uses the Roman alphabet and is delightfully easy to pronounce。 If  
you’ve ever studied any other language; you’ll marvel at how quickly and clearly you’ll  
understand and be understood。    
Indonesian is closely related to Malayan; the language of Malaysia and Singapore;  
and gives you a head start in Tagalog; the major language of the Philippines。         
Hindi and Urdu         
The spoken languages of India and Pakistan; Hindi and Urdu; are so close that the true  
language lover is tempted to take the plunge even though both languages use different  
and; to us; unfamiliar scripts (Devanagari; and a mixture of Persian and Arabic)。 Though  
other languages abound on the Indian subcontinent; Hindi…Urdu united their respective    
 
nations and whoever jumps in (despite the current lack of good learning materials) will  
be able to communicate with a population second only to that of China。              
Hungarian; Finnish; Estonian         
Despite the grammatical complexity and the relatively small pool of native speakers; an  
occasional adventurer is drawn almost masochistically to the three Finno…Ugric  
languages。 If you were the hated kid in ninth grade who stayed after algebra class to beg  
the teacher to introduce you to calculus; they might want to try one of these。    
Every word in all three languages is accented on the first syllable – every single  
word; names and all; giving those languages the sound of a pneumatic jackhammer  
breaking up a sidewalk。 There are; in Finnish; fifteen noun cases in the singular and  
sixteen in the plural。 Hungarian and Estonian aren’t far behind。 And that’s the easy part!    
People whose language you choose to learn often ask polite questions about why  
you wanted to learn their language。 Let on to a Finn; a Hungarian; or an Estonian that you  
know a little bit of their language and you will not merely be questioned。 You’ll be cross  
examined!    
Swahili         
Swahili enjoyed a surge of support beginning in the late 1960’s among young American  
blacks who wanted to reconnect to their African roots。 Anyone who pressed on and  
mastered Swahili would today speak a language spoken by fifty million people living in  
central and eastern Africa; including the nations of Kenya and Tanzania in which Swahili  
is the national language。 Swahili is a

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