握握弌傍利 > 凪麿窮徨慕 > the evolution of modern medicine(�峇�匳勞議處延) >

及8嫗

the evolution of modern medicine(�峇�匳勞議處延)-及8嫗

弌傍�� the evolution of modern medicine(�峇�匳勞議處延) 忖方�� 耽匈3500忖

梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




;learned in the wisdom of the Egyptians; drew it up。 As Neuburger briefly 

summarizes�此�

     ;The   commands   concern   prophylaxis   and   suppression   of   epidemics�察�

suppression of   venereal   disease   and   prostitution�察 �care   of   the   skin�察  �baths�察�

food�察�housing and clothing�察�regulation of labour�察�sexual life�察�discipline of 

the    people�察   �etc。  Many     of   these   commands�察      �such    as   Sabbath     rest�察�

circumcision�察     �laws   concerning      food   ��interdiction    of  blood   and    pork���察�

measures       concerning     menstruating       and   lying´in    women       and   those 

suffering from gonorrhoea�察�isolation of lepers�察�and hygiene of the camp�察�

are�察�in view of the conditions of the climate�察�surprisingly rational。;��23�А�

     ��23�А�Neuburger�此�History of Medicine�察�Oxford University Press�察�1910�察�



                                               29 


´ Page 30´

                        THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN MEDICINE 



Vol。 I�察�p。 38。 

       Divination�察�not very widely practiced�察�was borrowed�察�no doubt�察�from 

Babylonia。  Joseph's   cup   was   used   for   the   purpose�察  �and   in   Numbers�察  �the 

elders   of   Balak   went   to   Balaam   with   the   rewards   of   divination   in   their 

hands。 The belief in enchantments and witchcraft was universal�察�and the 

strong enactments against witches in the Old Testament made a belief in 

them almost imperative until more rational beliefs came into vogue in the 

eighteenth and nineteenth centuries。 

     Whatever view we may take of it�察�the medicine of the New Testament 

is full of interest。 Divination is only referred to once in the Acts ��xvi�察�16���察�

where   a   damsel   is   said   to   be   possessed   of   a   spirit   of   divination   ;which 

brought     her   masters    much     gain   by   soothsaying。;     There    is  only   one 

mention of astrology ��Acts vii�察�43���察�there are no witches�察�neither are there 

charms or incantations。 The diseases mentioned are numerous�此�demoniac 

possession�察     �convulsions�察    �paralysis�察   �skin   diseases��as    leprosy��dropsy�察�

haemorrhages�察       �fever�察 �fluxes�察  �blindness    and   deafness。    And    the   cure   is 

simple usually a fiat of the Lord�察�rarely with a prayer�察�or with the use of 

means such as spittle。 They are all miraculous�察�and the same power was 

granted to the apostles;power against unclean spirits�察�to cast them out�察�to 

heal all manner of sickness and all manner of disease。; And more than this�察�

not only the blind received their sight�察�the lame walked�察�the lepers were 

cleansed�察�the deaf heard�察�but even the dead were raised up。 No question of 

the mandate。 He who went about doing good was a physician of the body 

as well as of the soul�察�and could the rich promises of the Gospel have been 

fulfilled�察�there would have been no need of a new dispensation of science。 

It   may   be   because   the   children   of   this   world   have   never   been   able   to 

accept its hard sayingsthe insistence upon poverty�察�upon humility�察�upon 

peace that Christianity has lost touch no less with the practice than with 

the principles of its Founder。 Yet�察�all through the centuries�察�the Church has 

never  wholly  abandoned   the  claim  to   apostolic healing�察�nor  is   there   any 

reason why she should。 To the miraculous there should be no time limit 

only conditions have changed and nowadays to have a mountain´moving 

faith is not easy。 Still�察�the possession is cherished�察�and it adds enormously 

to the spice and variety of life to know that men of great intelligence�察�for 



                                               30 


´ Page 31´

                        THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN MEDICINE 



example�察�my good friend�察�Dr。 James J。 Walsh of New York�察�believe in the 

miracles   of   Lourdes。��24�А  �Only   a   few   weeks   ago�察  �the   Bishop   of   London 

followed with great success�察�it is said�察�the practice of St。 James。 It does not 

really concern us muchas Oriental views of disease and its cure have had 

very   little   influence   on   the   evolution   of   scientific   medicineexcept   in 

illustration of the persistence of an attitude towards disease always widely 

prevalent�察�and�察�indeed�察�increasing。 Nor can we say that the medicine of our 

great   colleague�察  �St。   Luke�察 �the   Beloved   Physician�察  �whose   praise   is   in   the 

Gospels�察  �differs   so   fundamentally   from   that   of   the   other   writings   of   the 

New Testament that we can claim for it a scientific quality。 The stories of 

the    miracles    have   technical    terms    and   are  in  a  language     adorned     by 

medical phraseology�察�but the mental attitude towards disease is certainly 

not that of a follower of Hippocrates�察�nor even of a scientifically trained 

contemporary of Dioscorides。��25�А�

     ��24�А  �Psychotherapy�察  �New   York�察  �1919�察  �p。   79�察   �I   am   convinced   that 

miracles happen there。 There is more than natural power manifest。; 

     ��25�А�See Luke the Physician�察�by Harnack�察�English ed。�察�1907�察�and W。 K。 

Hobart�察�The Medical Language of St。 Luke�察�1882。 



              CHINESE AND JAPANESE MEDICINE 



     CHINESE         medicine     illustrates    the   condition    at   which    a   highly 

intellectual people may arrive�察�among whom thought and speculation were 

restricted by religious prohibitions。 Perhaps the chief interest in its study 

lies   in   the   fact   that   we   may   see   today   the   persistence   of   views   about 

disease similar to those which prevailed in ancient Egypt and Babylonia。 

The Chinese believe in a universal animism�察�all parts being animated by 

gods and spectres�察�and devils swarm everywhere in numbers incalculable。 

The     universe    was   spontaneously       created   by   the  operation     of  its  Tao�察�

;composed of two souls�察�the Yang and the Yin�察�the Yang represents light�察�

warmth�察�production�察 �and life�察 �as   also the   celestial sphere from  which   all 

those   blessings   emanate�察  �the Yin   is   darkness�察  �cold�察  �death�察  �and   the   earth�察�

which�察  �unless   animated   by  the Yang   or   heaven�察  �is dark�察  �cold�察  �dead。 The 

Yang and the Yin are divided into an infinite number of spirits respectively 

good   and   bad�察  �called   shen   and   kwei�察  �every   man   and   every   living   being 



                                                31 


´ Page 32´

                         THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN MEDICINE 



contains   a   shen   and   a   kwei�察  �infused   at   birth�察  �and   departing   at   death�察  �to 

return   to   the   Yang   and   the   Yin。   Thus   man   with   his   dualistic   soul   is   a 

microcosmos�察       �born    from    the  Macrocosmos         spontaneously。      Even     every 

object is animated�察�as well as the Universe of which it is a part。;��26�А�

     ��26�А�J。 J。 M。 de Groot�此�Religious System of China�察�Vol。 VI�察 �Leyden�察�

1910�察�p。 929。 

       In   the   animistic   religion   of   China�察  �the   Wu   represented   a   group   of 

persons of both sexes�察�who wielded�察�with respect to the world of spirits�察�

capacities      and    powers      not   possessed      by    the   rest    of   men。    Many 

practitioners      of  Wu    were    physicians     who�察   �in   addition    to  charms     and 

enchantments�察  �used   death´banishing   medicinal   herbs。   Of   great   antiquity�察�

Wu´ism has changed in some ways its outward aspect�察�but has not altered 

its   fundamental        characters。     The    Wu�察    �as   exorcising     physicians      and 

practitioners of the medical art�察�may be traced in classical literature to the 

time   of   Confucius。   In   addition   to   charms   and   spells�察  �there   were   certain 

famous   poems   which   were   repeated�察  �one   of   which�察  �by   Han   Yu�察  �of   the 

T'ang epoch�察�had an extraordinary vogue。 De Groot says that the ;Ling�察─�

or magical power of this poem must have been enormous�察�seeing that its 

author   was   a   powerful   mandarin�察  �and   also   one   of   the   loftiest   intellects 

China has produced。 This poetic febrifuge is translated in full by de Groot 

��VI�察�1054´1055���察�and the demon of fever�察�potent chiefly in the autumn�察�is 

admonished to begone to the clear and limpid waters of the deep river。 

     In the High Medical College at Court�察�in the T'ang Dynasty�察�there were 

four classes of Masters�察�attached to its two High Medical Chiefs�此�Masters 

of    Medicine�察    �of   Acupuncture�察      �of  Manipulation�察      �and    two   Masters     for 

Frustration by means of Spells。 

     Soothsaying and exorcism may be traced far back to the fifth and sixth 

centuries B。C。 

     In   times   of   epidemic   the   specialists   of   Wu´ism�察  �who   act   as   seers�察�

soothsayers   and   exorcists�察  �engage   in   processions�察  �stripped   to   the   waist�察�

dancing   in   a   frantic�察  �delirious   state�察  �covering   themselves   with   blood   by 

means   of     prick´balls�察  �or   with    needles   thrust    through   their    tongues�察   �or 

sitting or stretching themselves on nail points or rows of sword edges。 In 

this way they frighten the spectres of disease。 They are nearly all young�察�



                                                 32 


´ Page 33´

                         THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN MEDICINE 



and are spoken of as ;divining youths�察─�and they use an exorcising magic 

based   on   the   principle   that   legions   of   spectres   prone   to   evil   live   in   the 

machine of the world。 ��De Groot�察�VI�察�983´985。�� 

     The   Chinese   believe   that   it   is   the   Tao�察  �or   ;Order   of   the   Universe�察─�

which   affords   immunity   from   evil�察  �and   according   to   whether   or   no   the 

birth   occurred   in   a   beneficent   year�察  �dominated   by   four   double   cyclical 

characters�察     �the   horoscope       is  ;heavy;      or   ;light。;   Those      with    light 

horoscopes   are   specially   prone   to   incurable   complaints�察  �but   much   harm 

can be averted if such an individual be surrounded with exorcising objects�察�

if he be given proper amulets to wear and proper medicines to swallow�察�

and by selecting for him auspicious days and hours。 

     Two   or   three   special   points   may   be   referred   to。   The   doctrine   of   the 

pulse reached such extraordinary development that the whole practice of 

the art centred round its different characters。 There were scores of varieties�察�

which in complication and detail put to confusion the complicated system 

of some of the old Graeco´Roman writers。 The basic idea seems to have 

been that each part and organ had its own proper pulse�察�and just as in a 

stringed instrument each chord has its own tone�察�so in the human body�察�if 

the pulses were in harmony�察�it meant health�察�if there was discord�察�it meant 

disease。     These    Chinese     views    reached     Europe    in   the  seventeenth      and 

eightee

卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��2�� 家��2��

低辛嬬浪散議