the evolution of modern medicine(ÏÖ´úÒ½Ò©µÄÑݱä)-µÚ26ÕÂ
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
capable¡¡of¡¡building¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Gothic¡¡cathedrals¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡well¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡called¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
great¡¡epochs¡¡in¡¡history£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡age¡¡that¡¡produced¡¡Dante¡¡is¡¡a¡¡golden¡¡one¡¡in¡¡
literature¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Humanity¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡richer¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡St¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Francis£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡Abelard£»¡¡
Albertus¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Aquinas¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡form¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡trio¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡easy¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡match£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡special¡¡
departments£»¡¡¡¡¡¡either¡¡¡¡¡¡before¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡after¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡science£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡particularly¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡
medicine£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡advance¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡outlook¡¡¡¡¡¡upon¡¡¡¡¡¡nature£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡thirteenth¡¡
century¡¡did¡¡not¡¡help¡¡man¡¡very¡¡much¡£¡¡Roger¡¡Bacon¡¡was¡¡¡¨a¡¡voice¡¡crying¡¡in¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡wilderness£»¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡men¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡picked¡¡¡¡¡¡out¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡specially¡¡
typical¡¡of¡¡the¡¡period¡¡instituted¡¡any¡¡new¡¡departure¡¡either¡¡in¡¡practice¡¡or¡¡in¡¡
science¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡They¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡servile¡¡¡¡¡¡followers£»¡¡¡¡¡¡when¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Greeks£»¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
Arabians¡£¡¡This¡¡is¡¡attested¡¡by¡¡the¡¡barrenness¡¡of¡¡the¡¡century¡¡and¡¡a¡¡half¡¡that¡¡
followed¡£¡¡One¡¡would¡¡have¡¡thought¡¡that¡¡the¡¡stimulus¡¡given¡¡by¡¡Mundinus¡¡to¡¡
the¡¡study¡¡of¡¡anatomy¡¡would¡¡have¡¡borne¡¡fruit£»¡¡but¡¡little¡¡was¡¡done¡¡in¡¡science¡¡
during¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡two¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡half¡¡¡¡centuries¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡followed¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡delivery¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡
lectures¡¡and¡¡still¡¡less¡¡in¡¡the¡¡art¡£¡¡While¡¡William¡¡of¡¡Wykeham¡¡was¡¡building¡¡
Winchester¡¡Cathedral¡¡and¡¡Chaucer¡¡was¡¡writing¡¡the¡¡Canterbury¡¡Tales£»¡¡John¡¡
of¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Gaddesden¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡practice¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡blindly¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡following¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡blind¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡leaders¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡whose¡¡
authority¡¡no¡¡one¡¡dared¡¡question¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡truth¡¡is£»¡¡from¡¡the¡¡modern¡¡standpoint¡¡the¡¡thirteenth¡¡was¡¡not¡¡the¡¡true¡¡
dawn¡¡¡¡¡¡brightening¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡unto¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡perfect¡¡¡¡¡¡day£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡glorious¡¡
aurora¡¡which¡¡flickered¡¡down¡¡again¡¡into¡¡the¡¡arctic¡¡night¡¡of¡¡mediaevalism¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡To¡¡sum¡¡upin¡¡medicine¡¡the¡¡Middle¡¡Ages¡¡represent¡¡a¡¡restatement¡¡from¡¡
century¡¡to¡¡century¡¡of¡¡the¡¡facts¡¡and¡¡theories¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Greeks¡¡modified¡¡here¡¡
and¡¡there¡¡by¡¡Arabian¡¡practice¡£¡¡There¡¡was£»¡¡in¡¡Francis¡¡Bacon's¡¡phrase£»¡¡much¡¡
iteration£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡small¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡addition¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡schools¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡bowed¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡humble£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡slavish¡¡
submission¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡Galen¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡Hippocrates£»¡¡¡¡¡¡taking¡¡¡¡¡¡everything¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡
their¡¡spirit¡¡and¡¡there¡¡was¡¡no¡¡advance¡¡in¡¡our¡¡knowledge¡¡of¡¡the¡¡structure¡¡or¡¡
function¡¡of¡¡the¡¡body¡£¡¡The¡¡Arabians¡¡lit¡¡a¡¡brilliant¡¡torch¡¡from¡¡Grecian¡¡lamps¡¡
and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡eighth¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡eleventh¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡centuries¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡profession¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡reached¡¡
among¡¡them¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡position¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡dignity¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡importance¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡hard¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡
find¡¡a¡¡parallel¡¡in¡¡history¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡101¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡102¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡EVOLUTION¡¡OF¡¡MODERN¡¡MEDICINE¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡CHAPTER¡¡IV¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡RENAISSANCE¡¡AND¡¡THE¡¡RISE¡¡OF¡¡ANATOMY¡¡AND¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PHYSIOLOGY¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡¡¨reconquest¡¡of¡¡the¡¡classic¡¡world¡¡of¡¡thought¡¡was¡¡by¡¡far¡¡the¡¡most¡¡
important¡¡achievement¡¡of¡¡the¡¡fifteenth¡¡and¡¡sixteenth¡¡centuries¡£¡¡It¡¡absorbed¡¡
nearly¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡mental¡¡energy¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡Italians¡£¡£¡£¡£¡¡The¡¡revelation¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡what¡¡
men¡¡were¡¡and¡¡what¡¡they¡¡wrought¡¡under¡¡the¡¡influence¡¡of¡¡other¡¡faiths¡¡and¡¡
other¡¡impulses£»¡¡in¡¡distant¡¡ages¡¡with¡¡a¡¡different¡¡ideal¡¡for¡¡their¡¡aim£»¡¡not¡¡only¡¡
widened¡¡the¡¡narrow¡¡horizon¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Middle¡¡Ages£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡also¡¡restored¡¡self¡¡¡
confidence¡¡to¡¡the¡¡reason¡¡of¡¡humanity¡£¡¨£§1£§¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§1£§¡¡J¡£¡¡A¡£¡¡Symonds£º¡¡The¡¡Renaissance¡¡in¡¡Italy£»¡¡the¡¡Revival¡¡of¡¡Learning£»¡¡
1877£»¡¡p¡£¡¡52¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Everywhere¡¡throughout¡¡the¡¡Middle¡¡Ages¡¡learning¡¡was¡¡the¡¡handmaid¡¡
of¡¡theology¡£¡¡Even¡¡Roger¡¡Bacon¡¡with¡¡his¡¡strong¡¡appeal¡¡for¡¡a¡¡new¡¡method¡¡
accepted¡¡the¡¡dominant¡¡mediaeval¡¡convictionthat¡¡all¡¡the¡¡sciences¡¡did¡¡but¡¡
minister¡¡to¡¡their¡¡queen£»¡¡Theology¡£¡¡A¡¡new¡¡spirit¡¡entered¡¡man's¡¡heart¡¡as¡¡he¡¡
came¡¡to¡¡look¡¡upon¡¡learning¡¡as¡¡a¡¡guide¡¡to¡¡the¡¡conduct¡¡of¡¡life¡£¡¡A¡¡revolution¡¡
was¡¡slowly¡¡effected¡¡in¡¡the¡¡intellectual¡¡world¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡a¡¡mistake¡¡to¡¡think¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
Renaissance¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡brief¡¡¡¡¡¡period¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡sudden¡¡¡¡¡¡fruitfulness¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡North¡¡¡¡¡¡Italian¡¡
cities¡£¡¡So¡¡far¡¡as¡¡science¡¡is¡¡concerned£»¡¡the¡¡thirteenth¡¡century¡¡was¡¡an¡¡aurora¡¡
followed¡¡by¡¡a¡¡long¡¡period¡¡of¡¡darkness£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡fifteenth¡¡was¡¡a¡¡true¡¡dawn¡¡
that¡¡brightened¡¡more¡¡and¡¡more¡¡unto¡¡the¡¡perfect¡¡day¡£¡¡Always¡¡a¡¡reflex¡¡of¡¡its¡¡
period£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡medicine¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡joined¡¡¡¡¡¡heartily¡¡¡¡¡¡though¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡slowly¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡revolt¡¡¡¡against¡¡
mediaevalism¡£¡¡How¡¡slowly¡¡I¡¡did¡¡not¡¡appreciate¡¡until¡¡recently¡£¡¡Studying¡¡the¡¡
earliest¡¡printed¡¡medical¡¡works¡¡to¡¡catch¡¡the¡¡point¡¡of¡¡view¡¡of¡¡the¡¡men¡¡who¡¡
were¡¡in¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡thick¡¡of¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡movement¡¡¡¡¡¡up¡¡to¡¡1480¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡taken¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡
include¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡first¡¡¡¡¡¡quarter¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡century¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡printing¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡gets¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡startling¡¡
record¡£¡¡The¡¡mediaeval¡¡mind¡¡still¡¡dominates£º¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sixty¡seven¡¡authors¡¡of¡¡
one¡¡hundred¡¡and¡¡eighty¡two¡¡editions¡¡of¡¡early¡¡medical¡¡books£»¡¡twenty¡three¡¡
were¡¡¡¡¡¡men¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡thirteenth¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡fourteenth¡¡¡¡¡¡centuries£»¡¡¡¡¡¡thirty¡¡¡¡¡¡men¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
fifteenth¡¡¡¡¡¡century£»¡¡¡¡¡¡eight¡¡¡¡¡¡wrote¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡Arabic£»¡¡¡¡¡¡several¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡School¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
Salernum£»¡¡and¡¡only¡¡six¡¡were¡¡of¡¡classical¡¡antiquity£»¡¡viz¡££»¡¡Pliny¡¡£¨first¡¡1469£©£»¡¡
Hippocrates¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨1473£©¡¡¡¡¡¡£§Hain¡¡¡¡¡¡£§*£§7247£§£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Galen¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨1475£©¡¡¡¡¡¡£§Hain¡¡¡¡¡¡7237£§£»¡¡Aristotle¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡102¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡103¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡EVOLUTION¡¡OF¡¡MODERN¡¡MEDICINE¡¡
£¨1476£©£»¡¡Celsus¡¡£¨1478£©£»¡¡and¡¡Dioscorides¡¡£¨1478£©¡££§**£§¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§*£§¡¡This¡¡asterisk¡¡is¡¡used¡¡by¡¡Hain¡¡to¡¡indicate¡¡that¡¡he¡¡had¡¡seen¡¡a¡¡copy¡£¡¡
Ed¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§**£§¡¡Data¡¡added¡¡to¡¡a¡¡manuscript¡¡taken¡¡from¡¡the¡¡author's¡¡summary¡¡on¡¡
¡¨Printed¡¡¡¡¡¡Medical¡¡¡¡¡¡Books¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡1480¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡Transactions¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Bibliographical¡¡
Society£»¡¡London£»¡¡1916£»¡¡XIII£»¡¡5¡8£»¡¡revised¡¡from¡¡its¡¡¡¨News¡Sheet¡¨¡¡£¨February£»¡¡
1914£©¡£¡¡¡¨Of¡¡neither¡¡Hippocrates¡¡nor¡¡Galen¡¡is¡¡there¡¡an¡¡early¡¡edition£»¡¡but¡¡in¡¡
1473¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡Pavia¡¡¡¡¡¡appeared¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡exposition¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡Aphorisms¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Hippoerates£»¡¡
and¡¡in¡¡1475¡¡at¡¡Padua¡¡an¡¡edition¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Tegni¡¡or¡¡Notes¡¡of¡¡Galen¡£¡¨¡¡Ibid¡££»¡¡p¡£¡¡6¡£¡¡
Osler's¡¡¡¡¡¡unfinished¡¡¡¡¡¡Illustrated¡¡¡¡¡¡Monograph¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡subject¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡now¡¡¡¡¡¡being¡¡
printed¡¡for¡¡the¡¡Society¡¡of¡¡which¡¡he¡¡was¡¡President¡£Ed¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡medical¡¡profession¡¡gradually¡¡caught¡¡the¡¡new¡¡spirit¡£¡¡It¡¡has¡¡been¡¡
well¡¡said¡¡that¡¡Greece¡¡arose¡¡from¡¡the¡¡dead¡¡with¡¡the¡¡New¡¡Testament¡¡in¡¡the¡¡
one¡¡hand¡¡and¡¡Aristotle¡¡in¡¡the¡¡other¡£¡¡There¡¡was¡¡awakened¡¡a¡¡perfect¡¡passion¡¡
for¡¡the¡¡old¡¡Greek¡¡writers£»¡¡and¡¡with¡¡it¡¡a¡¡study¡¡of¡¡the¡¡original¡¡sources£»¡¡which¡¡
had¡¡¡¡¡¡now¡¡¡¡¡¡become¡¡¡¡¡¡available¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡many¡¡¡¡¡¡manuscripts¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Gradually¡¡¡¡¡¡Hippocrates¡¡
and¡¡Galen¡¡came¡¡to¡¡their¡¡own¡¡again¡£¡¡Almost¡¡every¡¡professor¡¡of¡¡medicine¡¡
became¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡student¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡MSS¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡Aristotle¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Greek¡¡¡¡¡¡physicians£»¡¡
and¡¡before¡¡1530¡¡the¡¡presses¡¡had¡¡poured¡¡out¡¡a¡¡stream¡¡of¡¡editions¡£¡¡A¡¡wave¡¡
of¡¡enthusiasm¡¡swept¡¡over¡¡the¡¡profession£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡best¡¡energies¡¡of¡¡its¡¡best¡¡
minds¡¡were¡¡devoted¡¡to¡¡a¡¡study¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Fathers¡£¡¡Galen¡¡became¡¡the¡¡idol¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
schools¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡¡¡¡¡strong¡¡¡¡¡¡revulsion¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡feeling¡¡¡¡¡¡arose¡¡¡¡¡¡against¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Arabians£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡
Avicenna£»¡¡the¡¡Prince£»¡¡who¡¡had¡¡been¡¡clothed¡¡with¡¡an¡¡authority¡¡only¡¡a¡¡little¡¡
less¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡divine£»¡¡¡¡¡¡became¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡anathema¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Under¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡leadership¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
Montpellier¡¡School£»¡¡the¡¡Arabians¡¡made¡¡a¡¡strong¡¡fight£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡was¡¡a¡¡losing¡¡
battle¡¡all¡¡along¡¡the¡¡line¡£¡¡This¡¡group¡¡of¡¡medical¡¡humanistsmen¡¡who¡¡were¡¡
devoted¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡study¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡old¡¡¡¡¡¡humanities£»¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡Latin¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡Greek¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡
called¡¡has¡¡had¡¡a¡¡great¡¡and¡¡beneficial¡¡influence¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡profession¡£¡¡They¡¡
were¡¡for¡¡the¡¡most¡¡part¡¡cultivated¡¡gentlemen¡¡with¡¡a¡¡triple¡¡interestliterature£»¡¡
medicine¡¡and¡¡natural¡¡history¡£¡¡How¡¡important¡¡is¡¡the¡¡part¡¡they¡¡played¡¡may¡¡
be¡¡gathered¡¡from¡¡a¡¡glance¡¡at¡¡the¡¡¡¨Lives¡¨¡¡given¡¡by¡¡Bayle¡¡in¡¡his¡¡¡¨Biographic¡¡
Medicale¡¨¡¡£¨Paris£»¡¡1855£©¡¡between¡¡the¡¡years¡¡1500¡¡and¡¡1575¡£¡¡More¡¡than¡¡one¡¡
half¡¡of¡¡them¡¡had¡¡translated¡¡or¡¡edited¡¡works¡¡of¡¡Hippocrates¡¡or¡¡Galen£»¡¡many¡¡
of¡¡them¡¡had¡¡made¡¡important¡¡contributions¡¡to¡¡general¡¡literature£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡large¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡103¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡104¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡EVOLUTION¡¡OF¡¡MODERN¡¡MEDICINE¡¡
proportion¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡naturalists£º¡¡¡¡¡¡Leonicenus£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Linacre£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Champier£»¡¡
Fernel£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Fracastorius£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Gonthier£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Caius£»¡¡¡¡¡¡J¡£¡¡¡¡Sylvius£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Brasavola£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Fuchsius£»¡¡
Matthiolus£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Conrad¡¡¡¡¡¡Gesner£»¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡mention¡¡¡¡¡¡only¡¡¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡know¡¡¡¡¡¡best£»¡¡¡¡¡¡form¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡
great¡¡¡¡¡¡group¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Linacre¡¡¡¡¡¡edited¡¡¡¡¡¡Greek¡¡¡¡¡¡works¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡Aldus£»¡¡¡¡¡¡translated¡¡¡¡¡¡works¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
Galen£»¡¡¡¡¡¡taught¡¡¡¡¡¡Greek¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡Oxford£»¡¡¡¡¡¡wrote¡¡¡¡¡¡Latin¡¡¡¡¡¡grammars¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡founded¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
Royal¡¡College¡¡of¡¡Physicians¡££§*£§¡¡Caius¡¡was¡¡a¡¡keen¡¡Greek¡¡scholar£»¡¡an¡¡ardent¡¡
student¡¡of¡¡natural¡¡history£»¡¡and¡¡his¡¡name¡¡is¡¡enshrined¡¡as¡¡co¡founder¡¡of¡¡one¡¡
of¡¡the¡¡most¡¡important¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Cambridge¡¡colleges¡£¡¡Gonthier£»¡¡Fernel£»¡¡Fuchs¡¡
and¡¡Mattioli¡¡were¡¡great¡¡scholars¡¡and¡¡greater¡¡physicians¡£¡¡Champier£»¡¡one¡¡of¡¡
the¡¡most¡¡remarkable¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡the¡¡group£»¡¡¡¡was¡¡the¡¡¡¡founder¡¡of¡¡the¡¡¡¡Hotel¡¡Dieu¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡
Lyons£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡author¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡books¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡characteristic¡¡¡¡¡¡Renaissance¡¡¡¡¡¡type¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
singular¡¡bibliographical¡¡interest¡£¡¡In¡¡many¡¡ways¡¡greatest¡¡of¡¡all¡¡was¡¡Conrad¡¡
Gesner£»¡¡whose¡¡mors¡¡inopinata¡¡at¡¡forty¡nine£»¡¡bravely¡¡fighting¡¡the¡¡plague£»¡¡is¡¡
so¡¡¡¡¡¡touchingly¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡tenderly¡¡¡¡¡¡mourned¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡friend¡¡¡¡¡¡Caius¡££§2£§¡¡¡¡¡¡Physician£»¡¡
botanist£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡mineralogist£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡geologist£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡chemist£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡first¡¡¡¡¡¡great¡¡¡¡¡¡modern¡¡
bibliographer£»¡¡he¡¡is¡¡the¡¡very¡¡embodiment¡¡of¡¡the¡¡spirit¡¡of¡¡the¡¡age¡££§2a£§¡¡On¡¡
the¡¡flyleaf¡¡of¡¡my¡¡copy¡¡of¡¡the¡¡¡¨Bibliotheca¡¡Universalis¡¨¡¡£¨1545£©£»¡¡is¡¡written¡¡a¡¡
fine¡¡tribute¡¡to¡¡his¡¡memory¡£¡¡I¡¡do¡¡not¡¡know¡¡by¡¡whom¡¡it¡¡is£»¡¡but¡¡I¡¡do¡¡know¡¡
from¡¡my¡¡reading¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡true£º¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§*£§¡¡¡¡¡¡Cf¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Osler£º¡¡¡¡¡¡Thomas¡¡¡¡¡¡Linacre£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Cambridge¡¡¡¡¡¡University¡¡¡¡¡¡Press£»¡¡¡¡¡¡1908¡£¡¡
Ed¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§2£§¡¡Joannis¡¡Caii¡¡Britanni¡¡de¡¡libris¡¡suis£»¡¡etc¡££»¡¡1570¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§2a£§¡¡See¡¡J¡£¡¡C¡£¡¡Bay£º¡¡Papers¡¡Bibliog¡£¡¡Soc¡£¡¡of¡¡America£»¡¡1916£»¡¡X£»¡¡No¡£¡¡2£»¡¡
53¡86¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨Conrad¡¡Gesner£»¡¡who¡¡kept¡¡open¡¡house¡¡there¡¡for¡¡all¡¡learned¡¡men¡¡who¡¡
came¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡into¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡neighborhood¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Gesner¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡only¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡best¡¡¡¡naturalist¡¡
among¡¡the¡¡scholars¡¡of¡¡his¡¡day£»¡¡but¡¡of¡¡all¡¡men¡¡of¡¡that¡¡century¡¡he¡¡was¡¡the¡¡
pattern¡¡man¡¡of¡¡letters¡£¡¡He¡¡was¡¡faultless¡¡in¡¡private¡¡life£»¡¡assiduous¡¡in¡¡study£»¡¡
diligent¡¡in¡¡maintaining¡¡correspondence¡¡and¡¡good¡will¡¡with¡¡learned¡¡men¡¡in¡¡
all¡¡countries£»¡¡hospitablethough¡¡his¡¡means¡¡were¡¡small¡¡to¡¡every¡¡scholar¡¡
that¡¡came¡¡into¡¡Zurich¡£¡¡Prompt¡¡to¡¡serve¡¡all£»¡¡he¡¡was¡¡an¡¡editor¡¡of¡¡other¡¡men's¡¡
volumes£»¡¡a¡¡writer¡¡of¡¡prefaces¡¡for¡¡friends£»¡¡a¡¡suggestor¡¡to¡¡young¡¡writers¡¡of¡¡
books¡¡on¡¡which¡¡they¡¡might¡¡engage¡¡themselves£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡great¡¡helper¡¡to¡¡them¡¡
in¡¡the¡¡progress¡¡of¡¡their¡¡work¡£¡¡But¡¡still£»¡¡while¡¡finding¡¡time¡¡for¡¡services¡¡to¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡104¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡105¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡EVOLUTION¡¡OF¡¡MODERN¡¡MEDICINE¡¡
other¡¡men£»¡¡he¡¡could¡¡produce¡¡as¡¡much¡¡out¡¡of¡¡his¡¡own¡¡study¡¡as¡¡though¡¡he¡¡
had¡¡no¡¡part¡¡in¡¡the¡¡life¡¡beyond¡¡its¡¡walls¡£¡¨¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡large¡¡¡¡¡¡majority¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡these¡¡¡¡¡¡early¡¡¡¡¡¡naturalists¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡botanists¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡
physicians¡££§3£§¡¡The¡¡Greek¡¡art¡¡of¡¡observation¡¡was¡¡revived¡¡in¡¡a¡¡study¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
scientific¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡writings¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡Aristotle£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Theophrastus¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡Dioscorides¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡
med