the evolution of modern medicine(现代医药的演变)-第11章
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send an expedition of exploration to Greece under the guidance of
Democedes； but with the instructions at all costs to bring back the much
prized physician。 From Tarentum； Democedes escaped to his native city；
but the Persians followed him； and it was with the greatest difficulty that
he escaped from their hands。 Deprived of their guide； the Persians gave up
the expedition and sailed for Asia。 In palliation of his flight； Democedes
sent a message to Darius that he was engaged to the daughter of Milo； the
wrestler； who was in high repute with the King。＇6＇
＇6＇ The well…known editor of Herodotus； R。 W。 Macan； Master of
University College； Oxford； in his Hellenikon。 A Sheaf of Sonnets after
Herodotus （Oxford； 1898） has included a poem which may be quoted in
connection with this incident：
NOSTALGY Atossa； child of Cyrus king of kings； healed by Greek
science of a morbid breast； gave lord Dareios neither love nor rest till he
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fulfilled her vain imaginings。 〃Sir； show our Persian folk your sceptre's
wings！ Enlarge my sire's and brother's large bequest。 This learned Greek
shall guide your galleys west； and Dorian slave…girls grace our
banquetings。〃 So said she； taught of that o'er…artful man； the Italiote
captive； Kroton's Demokede； who recked not what of maladies began； nor
who in Asia and in Greece might bleed； if heso writes the guileless
Thurian regained his home； and freedom of the Mede。
Plato has several references to these state physicians； who were
evidently elected by a public assembly： 〃When the assembly meets to elect
a physician；〃 and the office was yearly； for in 〃The Statesman〃 we find the
following：＇7＇ 〃When the year of office has expired； the pilot； or physician
has to come before a court of review〃 to answer any charges。 The
physician must have been in practice for some time and attained eminence；
before he was deemed worthy of the post of state physician。
＇7＇ Jowett： Dialogues of Plato； 3d ed。； Statesman； Vol。 IV； p。 502
（Stephanus； II； 298 E）
〃If you and I were physicians； and were advising one another that we
were competent to practice as state…physicians； should I not ask about you；
and would you not ask about me； Well； but how about Socrates himself；
has he good health？ and was anyone else ever known to be cured by him
whether slave or freeman？〃＇7a＇
＇7a＇ Jowett： Dialogues of Plato； 3d ed。； Gorgias； Vol。 II； p。 407
（Stephanus； I； 514 D）。
All that is known of these state physicians has been collected by
Pohl；＇8＇ who has traced their evolution into Roman times。 That they were
secular； independent of the AEsculapian temples； that they were well paid；
that there was keen competition to get the most distinguished men； that
they were paid by a special tax and that they were much esteemed are
facts to be gleaned from Herodotus and from the inscriptions。 The lapidary
records； extending over 1000 years； collected by Professor Oehler＇8a＇ of
Reina； throw an important light on the state of medicine in Greece and
Rome。 Greek vases give representations of these state doctors at work。 Dr。
E。 Pottier has published one showing the treatment of a patient in the
clinic。＇8b＇
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＇8＇ R。 Pohl： De Graecorum medicis publicis； Berolini； Reimer； 1905；
also Janus； Harlem； 1905； X； 491…494。
＇8a＇ J Oehler： Janus； Harlem； 1909； XIV； 4； 111。
＇8b＇ E。 Pottier： Une clinique grecque au Ve siecle； Monuments et
Memoires； XIII； p。 149。 Paris； 1906 （Fondation Eugene Piot）。
That dissections were practiced by this group of nature philosophers
is shown not only by the studies of Alcmaeon； but we have evidence that
one of the latest of them； Diogenes of Apollonia； must have made
elaborate dissections。 In the 〃Historia Animalium〃＇9＇ of Aristotle occurs
his account of the blood vessels； which is by far the most elaborate met
with in the literature until the writings of Galen。 It has； too； the great merit
of accuracy （if we bear in mind the fact that it was not until after Aristotle
that arteries and veins were differentiated）； and indications are given as to
the vessels from which blood may be drawn。
＇9＇ The Works of Aristotle； Oxford； Clarendon Press； Vol。 IV； 1910； Bk。
III； Chaps。 II…IV； pp。 511b…515b。
ASKLEPIOS
No god made with hands； to use the scriptural phrase； had a more
successful 〃run〃 than Asklepiosfor more than a thousand years the
consoler and healer of the sons of men。 Shorn of his divine attributes he
remains our patron saint； our emblematic God of Healing； whose figure
with the serpents appears in our seals and charters。 He was originally a
Thessalian chieftain； whose sons； Machaon and Podalirius； became
famous physicians and fought in the Trojan War。 Nestor； you may
remember； carried off the former； declaring； in the oft…quoted phrase； that
a doctor was better worth saving than many warriors unskilled in the
treatment of wounds。 Later genealogies trace his origin to Apollo；＇10＇ as
whose son he is usually regarded。 〃In the wake of northern tribes this god
Aesculapiusa more majestic figure than the blameless leech of Homer's
songcame by land to Epidaurus and was carried by sea to the east…ward
island of Cos。。。。 Aesculapius grew in importance with the growth of
Greece； but may not have attained his greatest power until Greece and
Rome were one。〃＇11＇
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＇10＇ W。 H。 Roscher： Lexikon der griechischen und romischen
Mythologie； Leipzig； 1886； I； p。 624。
＇11＇ Louis Dyer： Studies of the Gods in Greece； 1891； p。 221。
A word on the idea of the serpent as an emblem of the healing art
which goes far back into antiquity。 The mystical character of the snake；
and the natural dread and awe inspired by it； early made it a symbol of
supernatural power。 There is a libation vase of Gudea； c。 2350 B。C。； found
at Telloh； now in the Louvre （probably the earliest representation of the
symbol）； with two serpents entwined round a staff （Jastrow； Pl。 4）。 From
the earliest times the snake has been associated with mystic and magic
power； and even today； among native races； it plays a part in the initiation
of medicine men。
In Greece； the serpent became a symbol of Apollo； and prophetic
serpents were kept and fed at his shrine； as well as at that of his son；
Asklepios。 There was an idea； too； that snakes had a knowledge of herbs；
which is referred to in the famous poem of Nikander on Theriaka。＇12＇ You
may remember that when Alexander； the famous quack and oracle monger；
depicted by Lucian； started out 〃for revenue；〃 the first thing he did was to
provide himself with two of the large； harmless； yellow snakes of Asia
Minor。
＇12＇ Lines 31； etc。； and Scholia； cf。 W。 R。 Halliday： Greek Divination；
London； 1913； p。 88。
The exact date of the introduction of the cult into Greece is not
known； but its great centres were at Epidaurus； Cos； Pergamos and Tricca。
It throve with wonderful rapidity。 Asklepios became one of the most
popular of the gods。 By the time of Alexander it is estimated that there
were between three and four hundred temples dedicated to him。
His worship was introduced into Rome at the time of the Great Plague
at the beginning of the third century B。C。 （as told by Livy in Book XI）；
and the temple on the island of Tiber became a famous resort。 If you can
transfer in imagination the Hot Springs of Virginia to the neighborhood of
Washington； and put there a group of buildings such as are represented in
these outlines of Caton's＇13＇ （p。 52）； add a sumptuous theatre with seating
capacity for 20；000； a stadium 600 feet long with a seating capacity of
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12；000； and all possible accessories of art and science； you will have an
idea of what the temple at Epidaurus； a few miles from Athens； was。 〃The
cult flourished mostly in places which； through climatic or hygienic
advantages； were natural health resorts。 Those favoured spots on hill or
mountain； in the shelter of forests； by rivers or springs of pure flowing
water； were conducive to health。 The vivifying air； the well cultivated
gardens surrounding the shrine； the magnificent view； all tended to cheer
the heart with new hope of cure。 Many of these temples owed their fame
to mineral or merely hot springs。 To the homely altars； erected originally
by sacred fountains in the neighbourhood of health…giving mineral springs；
were later added magnificent temples； pleasure…grounds for festivals；
gymnasia in which bodily ailments were treated by physical exercises；
baths and inunctions； also； as is proved by excavations； living rooms for
the patients。 Access to the shrine was forbidden to the unclean and the
impure； pregnant women and the mortally afflicted were kept away； no
dead body could find a resting…place within the holy precincts； the shelter
and the cure of the sick being undertaken by the keepers of inns and
boarding…houses in the neighbourhood。 The suppliants for aid had to
submit to careful purification； to bathe in sea； river or spring； to fast for a
prescribed time； to abjure wine and certain articles of diet； and they were
only permitted to enter the temple when they were adequately
