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THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN MEDICINE
THE EVOLUTION OF
MODERN MEDICINE
A SERIES OF LECTURES DELIVERED AT YALE
UNIVERSITY ON THE SILLIMAN FOUNDATION IN APRIL�察�1913
by WILLIAM OSLER
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THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN MEDICINE
THE SILLIMAN FOUNDATION
IN the year 1883 a legacy of eighty thousand dollars was left to the
President and Fellows of Yale College in the city of New Haven�察 �to be
held in trust�察�as a gift from her children�察�in memory of their beloved and
honored mother�察�Mrs。 Hepsa Ely Silliman。
On this foundation Yale College was requested and directed to
establish an annual course of lectures designed to illustrate the presence
and providence�察 �the wisdom and goodness of God�察 �as manifested in the
natural and moral world。 These were to be designated as the Mrs。 Hepsa
Ely Silliman Memorial Lectures。 It was the belief of the testator that any
orderly presentation of the facts of nature or history contributed to the end
of this foundation more effectively than any attempt to emphasize the
elements of doctrine or of creed�察�and he therefore provided that lectures on
dogmatic or polemical theology should be excluded from the scope of this
foundation�察 �and that the subjects should be selected rather from the
domains of natural science and history�察 �giving special prominence to
astronomy�察�chemistry�察�geology and anatomy。
It was further directed that each annual course should be made the
basis of a volume to form part of a series constituting a memorial to Mrs。
Silliman。 The memorial fund came into the possession of the Corporation
of Yale University in the year 1901�察�and the present volume constitutes the
tenth of the series of memorial lectures。
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THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN MEDICINE
PREFACE
THE manuscript of Sir William Osler's lectures on the ;Evolution of
Modern Medicine�察─ �delivered at Yale University in April�察 �1913�察 �on the
Silliman Foundation�察 �was immediately turned in to the Yale University
Press for publication。 Duly set in type�察 �proofs in galley form had been
submitted to him and despite countless interruptions he had already
corrected and revised a number of the galleys when the great war came。
But with the war on�察�he threw himself with energy and devotion into the
military and public duties which devolved upon him and so never
completed his proof´reading and intended alterations。 The careful
corrections which Sir William made in the earlier galleys show that the
lectures were dictated�察�in the first instance�察�as loose memoranda for oral
delivery rather than as finished compositions for the eye�察 �while
maintaining throughout the logical continuity and the engaging con moto
which were so characteristic of his literary style。 In revising the lectures
for publication�察�therefore�察�the editors have merely endeavored to carry out�察�
with care and befitting reverence�察 �the indications supplied in the earlier
galleys by Sir William himself。 In supplying dates and references which
were lacking�察�his preferences as to editions and readings have been borne
in mind。 The slight alterations made�察�the adaptation of the text to the eye�察�
detract nothing from the original freshness of the work。
In a letter to one of the editors�察�Osler described these lectures as ;an
aeroplane flight over the progress of medicine through the ages。; They are�察�
in effect�察�a sweeping panoramic survey of the whole vast field�察�covering
wide areas at a rapid pace�察�yet with an extraordinary variety of detail。 The
slow�察 �painful character of the evolution of medicine from the fearsome�察�
superstitious mental complex of primitive man�察�with his amulets�察�healing
gods and disease demons�察�to the ideal of a clear´eyed rationalism is traced
with faith and a serene sense of continuity。 The author saw clearly and felt
deeply that the men who have made an idea or discovery viable and
valuable to humanity are the deserving men�察�he has made the great names
shine out�察�without any depreciation of the important work of lesser men
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THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN MEDICINE
and without cluttering up his narrative with the tedious prehistory of great
discoveries or with shrill claims to priority。 Of his skill in differentiating
the sundry ;strains; of medicine�察�there is specific witness in each section。
Osler's wide culture and control of the best available literature of his
subject permitted him to range the ampler aether of Greek medicine or the
earth´fettered schools of today with equal mastery�察�there is no quickset of
pedantry between the author and the reader。 The illustrations ��which he
had doubtless planned as fully for the last as for the earlier chapters�� are as
he left them�察 �save that�察�lacking legends�察 �these have been supplied and a
few which could not be identified have with regret been omitted。 The
original galley proofs have been revised and corrected from different
viewpoints by Fielding H。 Garrison�察�Harvey Cushing�察�Edward C。 Streeter
and latterly by Leonard L。 Mackall ��Savannah�察 �Ga。���察 �whose zeal and
persistence in the painstaking verification of citations and references
cannot be too highly commended。
In the present revision�察 �a number of important corrections�察 �most of
them based upon the original MS。�察�have been made by Dr。 W。W。 Francis
��Oxford���察�Dr。 Charles Singer ��London���察�Dr。 E。C。 Streeter�察�Mr。 L。L。 Mackall
and others。
This work�察 �composed originally for a lay audience and for popular
consumption�察�will be to the aspiring medical student and the hardworking
practitioner a lift into the blue�察�an inspiring vista or ;Pisgah´sight; of the
evolution of medicine�察�a realization of what devotion�察�perseverance�察�valor
and ability on the part of physicians have contributed to this progress�察�and
of the creditable part which our profession has played in the general
development of science。
The editors have no hesitation in presenting these lectures to the
profession and to the reading public as one of the most characteristic
productions of the best´balanced�察�best´equipped�察�most sagacious and most
lovable of all modern physicians。
F。H。G。
BUT on that account�察�I say�察�we ought not to reject the ancient Art�察�as
if it were not�察�and had not been properly founded�察�because it did not attain
accuracy in all things�察 �but rather�察 �since it is capable of reaching to the
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THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN MEDICINE
greatest exactitude by reasoning�察�to receive it and admire its discoveries�察�
made from a state of great ignorance�察 �and as having been well and
properly made�察�and not from chance。 ��Hippocrates�察�On Ancient Medicine�察�
Adams edition�察�Vol。 1�察�1849�察�p。 168。��
THE true and lawful goal of the sciences is none other than this�此�that
human life be endowed with new discoveries and powers。 ��Francis Bacon�察�
Novum Organum�察�Aphorisms�察�LXXXI�察�Spedding's translation。��
A GOLDEN thread has run throughout the history of the world�察�
consecutive and continuous�察�the work of the best men in successive ages。
From point to point it still runs�察�and when near you feel it as the clear and
bright and searchingly irresistible light which Truth throws forth when
great minds conceive it。 ��Walter Moxon�察 �Pilocereus Senilis and Other
Papers�察�1887�察�p。 4。��
FOR the mind depends so much on the temperament and disposition
of the bodily organs that�察�if it is possible to find a means of rendering men
wiser and cleverer than they have hitherto been�察 �I believe that it is in
medicine that it must be sought。 It is true that the medicine which is now
in vogue contains little of which the utility is remarkable�察 �but�察 �without
having any intention of decrying it�察�I am sure that there is no one�察�even
among those who make its study a profession�察�who does not confess that
all that men know is almost nothing in comparison with what remains to
be known�察�and that we could be free of an infinitude of maladies both of
body and mind�察�and even also possibly of the infirmities of age�察�if we had
sufficient knowledge of their causes�察�and of all the remedies with which
nature has provided us。 ��Descartes�此 �Discourse on the Method�察�
Philosophical Works。 Translated by E。 S。 Haldane and G。 R。 T。 Ross。 Vol。 I�察�
Cam。 Univ。 Press�察�1911�察�p。 120。��
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THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN MEDICINE
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
SAIL to the Pacific with some Ancient Mariner�察�and traverse day by
day that silent sea until you reach a region never before furrowed by keel
where a tiny island�察�a mere speck on the vast ocean�察�has just risen from the
depths�察 �a little coral reef capped with green�察 �an atoll�察 �a mimic earth�察�
fringed with life�察�built up through countless ages by life on the remains of
life that has passed away。 And now�察�with wings of fancy�察�join Ianthe in the
magic car of Shelley�察�pass the eternal gates of the flaming ramparts of the
world and see his vision�此�
Below lay stretched the boundless Universe� �There�察 �far as the
remotest line That limits swift imagination's flight�察�Unending orbs mingled
in mazy motion�察�Immutably fulfilling Eternal Nature's law。 Above�察�below�察�
around�察�The circling systems formed A wilderness of harmony。 ��Daemon
of the World�察�Pt。 I。��
And somewhere�察 �as fast and far the chariot flew�察─�amid the mighty
globes would be seen a tiny speck�察 �earth's distant orb�察─ �one of ;t