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                    THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN MEDICINE 



       THE EVOLUTION OF 

     MODERN MEDICINE 



             A SERIES OF LECTURES DELIVERED AT YALE 

UNIVERSITY ON THE SILLIMAN FOUNDATION IN APRIL�察�1913 



                         by WILLIAM OSLER 



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                        THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN MEDICINE 



       THE SILLIMAN FOUNDATION 



     IN the   year 1883   a legacy  of eighty  thousand dollars   was left to the 

President   and   Fellows   of Yale   College   in   the   city   of   New   Haven�察  �to   be 

held in trust�察�as a gift from her children�察�in memory of their beloved and 

honored mother�察�Mrs。 Hepsa Ely Silliman。 

     On    this   foundation     Yale   College    was    requested     and   directed    to 

establish an   annual   course of   lectures designed   to illustrate  the  presence 

and   providence�察  �the   wisdom  and   goodness   of   God�察  �as   manifested   in   the 

natural and moral world。 These were to be designated as the Mrs。 Hepsa 

Ely Silliman Memorial Lectures。 It was the belief of the testator that any 

orderly presentation of the facts of nature or history contributed to the end 

of   this   foundation   more   effectively   than   any   attempt   to   emphasize   the 

elements of doctrine or of creed�察�and he therefore provided that lectures on 

dogmatic or polemical theology should be excluded from the scope of this 

foundation�察     �and   that  the   subjects   should    be  selected    rather   from   the 

domains      of  natural   science    and   history�察 �giving    special   prominence      to 

astronomy�察�chemistry�察�geology and anatomy。 

     It   was   further   directed   that   each   annual   course   should   be   made   the 

basis of a volume to form part of a series constituting a memorial to Mrs。 

Silliman。 The memorial fund came into the possession of the Corporation 

of Yale University in the year 1901�察�and the present volume constitutes the 

tenth of the series of memorial lectures。 



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                        THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN MEDICINE 



                                   PREFACE 



     THE manuscript of Sir William Osler's lectures on the ;Evolution of 

Modern   Medicine�察─  �delivered   at   Yale   University   in   April�察  �1913�察  �on   the 

Silliman   Foundation�察  �was   immediately   turned   in   to   the   Yale   University 

Press   for   publication。   Duly   set   in   type�察  �proofs   in   galley   form   had   been 

submitted      to  him    and   despite   countless     interruptions    he   had   already 

corrected and revised a number of the galleys when the great war came。 

But with the war on�察�he threw himself with energy and devotion into the 

military     and   public    duties   which    devolved     upon    him    and   so   never 

completed       his   proof´reading      and    intended     alterations。    The    careful 

corrections   which   Sir   William   made   in   the   earlier   galleys   show   that   the 

lectures were dictated�察�in the first instance�察�as loose memoranda for oral 

delivery     rather    than    as   finished    compositions       for   the   eye�察  �while 

maintaining throughout the logical continuity and the engaging con moto 

which were so characteristic of his literary style。 In revising the lectures 

for publication�察�therefore�察�the editors have merely endeavored to carry out�察�

with   care   and   befitting   reverence�察  �the   indications   supplied   in   the   earlier 

galleys by Sir William himself。 In supplying dates and references which 

were lacking�察�his preferences as to editions and readings have been borne 

in mind。 The slight alterations made�察�the adaptation of the text to the eye�察�

detract nothing from the original freshness of the work。 

     In a letter to one of the editors�察�Osler described these lectures as ;an 

aeroplane flight over the progress of medicine through the ages。; They are�察�

in effect�察�a sweeping panoramic survey of the whole vast field�察�covering 

wide areas at a rapid pace�察�yet with an extraordinary variety of detail。 The 

slow�察  �painful   character   of   the   evolution   of   medicine   from   the   fearsome�察�

superstitious mental complex of primitive man�察�with his amulets�察�healing 

gods and disease demons�察�to the ideal of a clear´eyed rationalism is traced 

with faith and a serene sense of continuity。 The author saw clearly and felt 

deeply   that   the   men   who   have   made   an   idea   or   discovery   viable   and 

valuable to humanity are the deserving men�察�he has made the great names 

shine out�察�without any depreciation of  the important work of lesser  men 



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                         THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN MEDICINE 



and without cluttering up his narrative with the tedious prehistory of great 

discoveries or with shrill claims to priority。 Of his skill in differentiating 

the sundry ;strains; of medicine�察�there is specific witness in each section。 

Osler's   wide   culture   and   control   of   the   best   available   literature   of   his 

subject permitted him to range the ampler aether of Greek medicine or the 

earth´fettered schools of today with equal mastery�察�there is no quickset of 

pedantry   between   the   author   and   the   reader。   The   illustrations   ��which   he 

had doubtless planned as fully for the last as for the earlier chapters�� are as 

he   left them�察  �save   that�察�lacking   legends�察 �these  have  been supplied   and   a 

few   which   could   not   be   identified   have   with   regret   been   omitted。   The 

original     galley   proofs    have    been   revised    and    corrected    from    different 

viewpoints by Fielding H。 Garrison�察�Harvey Cushing�察�Edward C。 Streeter 

and    latterly   by   Leonard     L。   Mackall     ��Savannah�察     �Ga。���察  �whose     zeal  and 

persistence      in  the   painstaking      verification    of   citations   and    references 

cannot be too highly commended。 

     In   the   present   revision�察  �a   number   of   important   corrections�察  �most   of 

them based upon the original MS。�察�have been made by Dr。 W。W。 Francis 

��Oxford���察�Dr。 Charles Singer ��London���察�Dr。 E。C。 Streeter�察�Mr。 L。L。 Mackall 

and others。 

     This   work�察  �composed   originally   for   a   lay   audience   and   for   popular 

consumption�察�will be to the aspiring medical student and the hardworking 

practitioner a lift into the blue�察�an inspiring vista or ;Pisgah´sight; of the 

evolution of medicine�察�a realization of what devotion�察�perseverance�察�valor 

and ability on the part of physicians have contributed to this progress�察�and 

of   the   creditable    part   which   our    profession   has   played      in   the  general 

development of science。 

     The     editors   have    no   hesitation    in  presenting     these   lectures    to  the 

profession   and   to   the   reading   public   as   one   of   the   most   characteristic 

productions of the best´balanced�察�best´equipped�察�most sagacious and most 

lovable of all modern physicians。 

     F。H。G。 

       BUT on that account�察�I say�察�we ought not to reject the ancient Art�察�as 

if it were not�察�and had not been properly founded�察�because it did not attain 

accuracy   in   all   things�察  �but   rather�察  �since   it   is   capable   of   reaching   to   the 



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                        THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN MEDICINE 



greatest exactitude by reasoning�察�to receive it and admire its discoveries�察�

made     from    a  state  of  great   ignorance�察    �and   as  having    been   well   and 

properly made�察�and not from chance。 ��Hippocrates�察�On Ancient Medicine�察�

Adams edition�察�Vol。 1�察�1849�察�p。 168。�� 

       THE true and lawful goal of the sciences is none other than this�此�that 

human life be endowed with new discoveries and powers。 ��Francis Bacon�察�

Novum Organum�察�Aphorisms�察�LXXXI�察�Spedding's translation。�� 

       A   GOLDEN        thread   has   run  throughout   the    history   of   the  world�察�

consecutive and continuous�察�the work of the best men in successive ages。 

From point to point it still runs�察�and when near you feel it as the clear and 

bright   and   searchingly   irresistible   light   which   Truth   throws   forth   when 

great   minds   conceive   it。   ��Walter   Moxon�察  �Pilocereus   Senilis   and   Other 

Papers�察�1887�察�p。 4。�� 

       FOR the mind depends so much on the temperament and disposition 

of the bodily organs that�察�if it is possible to find a means of rendering men 

wiser   and   cleverer   than   they   have   hitherto   been�察  �I   believe   that   it   is   in 

medicine that it must be sought。 It is true that the medicine which is now 

in   vogue   contains   little   of   which   the   utility   is   remarkable�察  �but�察  �without 

having any intention of decrying it�察�I am sure that there is no one�察�even 

among those who make its study a profession�察�who does not confess that 

all that men know is almost nothing in comparison with what remains to 

be known�察�and that we could be free of an infinitude of maladies both of 

body and mind�察�and even also possibly of the infirmities of age�察�if we had 

sufficient knowledge of their causes�察�and of all the remedies with which 

nature      has   provided      us。   ��Descartes�此     �Discourse      on    the    Method�察�

Philosophical Works。 Translated by E。 S。 Haldane and G。 R。 T。 Ross。 Vol。 I�察�

Cam。 Univ。 Press�察�1911�察�p。 120。�� 



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                        THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN MEDICINE 



                                CHAPTER I 



                                    INTRODUCTION 

     SAIL to the Pacific with some Ancient Mariner�察�and traverse day by 

day that silent sea until you reach a region never before furrowed by keel 

where a tiny island�察�a mere speck on the vast ocean�察�has just risen from the 

depths�察  �a   little   coral   reef   capped   with   green�察  �an   atoll�察  �a   mimic  earth�察�

fringed with life�察�built up through countless ages by life on the remains of 

life that has passed away。 And now�察�with wings of fancy�察�join Ianthe in the 

magic car of Shelley�察�pass the eternal gates of the flaming ramparts of the 

world and see his vision�此�

       Below     lay  stretched    the   boundless     Universe�     �There�察  �far   as  the 

remotest line That limits swift imagination's flight�察�Unending orbs mingled 

in mazy motion�察�Immutably fulfilling Eternal Nature's law。 Above�察�below�察�

around�察�The circling systems formed A wilderness of harmony。 ��Daemon 

of the World�察�Pt。 I。�� 

       And somewhere�察 �as fast and far the chariot flew�察─�amid the mighty 

globes   would      be  seen   a   tiny   speck�察  �earth's  distant   orb�察─ �one   of  ;t

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