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第4章

hiero-第4章

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that what he has wrought at least was innocent;'20' so little does his



conduct seem noble even to himself。 And when those he dreaded are



safely in their graves; he is not one whit more confident of spirit;



but still more on his guard than heretofore。 That is the kind of war



with which the tyrant is beset from day to day continually; as I do



prove。'21'







'17' See Hold。 (crit。 app。); Hartman; op。 cit。 p。 260。







'18' Cf。 〃Mem。〃 I。 ii。 38。







'19' Cf。 〃Anab。〃 II。 vi。 11; 〃Hell。〃 VI。 iv。 16。







'20' 〃Not of malice prepense。〃







'21' Or; 〃Such then; as I describe it; is the type of war;〃 etc。















III







Turn now and contemplate the sort of friendship whereof it is given to



tyrants to partake。 And first; let us examine with ourselves and see



if friendship is truly a great boon to mortal man。







How fares it with the man who is beloved of friends? See with what



gladness his friends and lovers hail his advent! delight to do him



kindness! long for him when he is absent from them!'1' and welcome him



most gladly on his return!'2' In any good which shall betide him they



rejoice together; or if they see him overtaken by misfortune; they



rush to his assistance as one man。'3'







'1' Reading {an ate}; or if {an apie}; transl。 〃have yearning hearts



    when he must leave them。〃







'2' See Anton Rubinstein; 〃Die Musik and ihre Meister;〃 p。 8; 〃Some



    Remarks on Beethoven's Sonata Op。 81。〃







'3' Cf。 〃Cyrop。〃 I。 vi。 24 for a repetition of the sentiment and



    phraseology。







Nay! it has not escaped the observation of states and governments that



friendship is the greatest boon; the sweetest happiness which men may



taste。 At any rate; the custom holds'4' in many states 〃to slay the



adulterer〃 alone of all 〃with impunity;〃'5' for this reason clearly



that such miscreants are held to be destroyers of that friendship'6'



which binds the woman to the husband。 Since where by some untoward



chance a woman suffers violation of her chastity;'7' husbands do not



the less honour them; as far as that goes; provided true affection



still appear unsullied。'8'







'4' Lit。 〃many of the states have a law and custom to;〃 etc。 Cf。 〃Pol。



    Lac。〃 ii。 4。







'5' Cf。 Plat。 〃Laws;〃 874 C; 〃if a man find his wife suffering



    violence he may kill the violator and be guiltless in the eye of



    the law。〃 Dem。 〃in Aristocr。〃 53; {ean tis apokteine en athlois



    akon 。 。 。 e epi damarti; k。t。l。 。 。 。 touton eneka me pheugein



    kteinanta}。







'6' See Lys。 〃de caed Eratosth。〃 S。 32 f。; {outos; o andres; tous



    biazomenous elattonos zemias axious egesato einai e tous



    peithontas 。 ton men gar thanaton kategno; tois de diplen epoiese



    ten blaben; egoumenos tous men diaprattomenous bia upo ton



    biasthenton miseisthai; tous de peisantas outos aution tas psukhas



    diaphtheirein ost' oikeioteras autois poiein tas allotrias



    gunaikas e tois andrasi kai pasan ep' ekeinois ten oikian



    gegonenai kai tous paidas adelous einai opoteron tugkhanousin



    ontes; ton andron e ton moikhon 。 anth' on o ton nomon titheis



    thanaton autois epoiese ten zemian}。 Cf。 〃Cyrop。〃 III。 i。 39;



    〃Symp。〃 viii。 20; Plut。 〃Sol。〃 xxiii。; {olos de pleisten ekhein



    atopian oi peri ton gunaikon nomoi to Soloni dokousi。 moikhon men



    gar anelein tio labonti dedoken; ean d' arpase tis eleutheran



    gunaika kai biasetai zemian ekaton drakhmas etaxe' kan proagogeue



    drakhmas aikosi; plen osai pephasmenos polountai; legon de tas



    etairas。 autai gar emphanos phoitosi pros tous didontas}; 〃Solon's



    laws in general about women are his strangest; for he permitted



    any one to kill an adulterer that found him in the act; but if any



    one forced a free woman; a hundred drachmas was the fine; if he



    enticed her; twenty;except those that sell themselves openly;



    that is; harlots; who go openly to those that hire them〃 (Clough;



    i。 p。 190)。







'7' Or; 〃fall a victim to passion through some calamity;〃 〃commit a



    breach of chastity。〃 Cf。 Aristot。 〃H。 A。〃 VII。 i。 9。







'8' Or; 〃if true affection still retain its virgin purity。〃 As to this



    extraordinary passage; see Hartman; op。 cit。 p。 242 foll。







So sovereign a good do I; for my part; esteem it to be loved; that I



do verily believe spontaneous blessings are outpoured from gods and



men on one so favoured。







This is that choice possession which; beyond all others; the monarch



is deprived of。







But if you require further evidence that what I say is true; look at



the matter thus: No friendship; I presume; is sounder than that which



binds parents to their children and children to their parents;



brothers and sisters to each other;'9' wives to husbands; comrade to



comrade。







'9' Or; 〃brothers to brothers。〃







If; then; you will but thoughtfully consider it; you will discover it



is the ordinary person who is chiefly blest in these relations。'10'



While of tyrants; many have been murderers of their own children; many



by their children murdered。 Many brothers have been murderers of one



another in contest for the crown;'11' many a monarch has been done to



death by the wife of his bosom;'12' or even by his own familiar



friend; by him of whose affection he was proudest。'13'







'10' Or; 〃that these more obvious affections are the sanctities of



    private life。〃







'11' Or; 〃have caught at the throats of brothers〃; lit。 〃been slain



    with mutually…murderous hand。〃 Cf。 Pind。 Fr。 137; Aesch。 〃Sept。 c。



    Theb。〃 931; 〃Ag。〃 1575; concerning Eteocles and Polynices。







'12' See Grote; 〃H。 G。〃 xi。 288; xii。 6; 〃Hell。〃 VI。 iv。 36; Isocr。



    〃On the Peace;〃 182; Plut。 〃Dem。 Pol。〃 iii。 (Clough; v。 p。 98);



    Tac。 〃Hist。〃 v。 8; about the family feuds of the kings of Judaea。







'13' 〃It was his own familiar friend who dealt the blow; the nearest



    and dearest to his heart。〃







How can you suppose; then; that being so hated by those whom nature



predisposes and law compels to love him; the tyrant should be loved by



any living soul beside?















IV







Again; without some moiety of faith and trust;'1' how can a man not



feel to be defrauded of a mighty blessing? One may well ask: What



fellowship; what converse; what society would be agreeable without



confidence? What intercourse between man and wife be sweet apart from



trustfulness? How should the 〃faithful esquire〃 whose faith is



mistrusted still be lief and dear?'2'







'1' 〃How can he; whose faith's discredited; the moral bankrupt 。 。 。〃







'2' Or; 〃the trusty knight and serving…man。〃 Cf。 〃Morte d'Arthur;〃



    xxi。 5; King Arthur and Sir Bedivere。







Well; then; of this frank confidence in others the tyrant has the



scantiest share。'3' Seeing his life is such; he cannot even trust his



meats and drinks; but he must bid his serving…men before the feast



begins; or ever the libation to the gods is poured;'4' to taste the



viands; out of sheer mistrust there may be mischief lurking in the cup



or platter。'5'







'3' Or; 〃from this 。 。 。 is almost absolutely debarred。〃







'4' 〃Or ever grace is said。〃







'5' Cf。 〃Cyrop。〃 I。 iii。 4。







Once more; the rest of mankind find in their fatherland a treasure



worth all else beside。 The citizens form their own body…guard'6'



without pay or service…money against slaves and against evil…doers。 It



is theirs to see that none of themselves; no citizen; shall perish by



a violent death。 And they have advanced so far along the path of



guardianship'7' that in many cases they have framed a law to the



effect that 〃not the associate even of one who is blood…guilty shall



be accounted pure。〃 So that; by reason of their fatherland;'8' each



several citizen can live at quiet and secure。







'6' 〃Are their own 'satellites;' spear…bearers。〃 Cf。 Thuc。 i。 130;



    Herod。 ii。 168; vii。 127。







'7' 〃Pushed so far the principle of mutual self…aid。〃







'8' 〃Thanks to the blessing of a fatherland each citizen may spend his



    days in peace and safety。〃







But for the tyrant it is again exactly the reverse。'9' Instead of



aiding or avenging their despotic lord; cities bestow large honours on



the slayer of a tyrant; ay; and in lieu of excommunicating the



tyrannicide from sacred shrines;'10' as is the case with murderers of



private citizens; they set up statues of the doers of such deeds'11'



in temples。







'9' 〃Matters are once more reversed precisely;〃 〃it is all 'topsy…



    turvy。'〃







'10' 〃And sacrifices。〃 Cf。 Dem。 〃c。 Lept。〃 137; {en toinun tois peri



    touton nomois o Drakon 。 。 。 katharon diorisen einai}。 〃Now in the



    laws upon this subject; Draco; although he strove to make it



    fearful and dreadful for a man to slay another; and ordained that



    the homicide should be excluded from lustrations; cups; and drink…



    offerings; from the temples and the market…place; specifying



    everything by which he thought most effectually to restrain people



    from such a practice; still did not abolish the rule of justice;



    but laid down the cases in which it should be lawful to kill; and



    declared that the killer under such circumstances should be deemed



    pure〃 (C。 R。 Kennedy)。







'11' e。g。 Harmodius and Aristogeiton。 See Dem。 loc。 cit。 138: 〃The



    same rewards that you gave to Harmodius and Aristogiton;〃



    concerning whom Simonides himself wrote a votive couplet:







        {'E meg' 'Athenaioisi phoos geneth' enik' 'Aristogeiton



        'Ipparkhon kteine kai 'Armodios。}







But if you imagine that the tyrant; because he has more possessions



than the private person; does for that reason derive greater pleasure



from them; this is not so either; Simonides; but it is with tyrants as



with athletes。 Just as the athlete feels no glow of satisfaction in



asserting his superiority over amateurs;'12' but annoyance rather when



he sustains defeat at the hands of any real antagonist; so; too; the



tyrant finds little consolation in the fact'13' that he is evidently



richer than the private citizen。 What he feels is pain; when he



reflects that he has less himself than other monarchs。 These he holds



to be his t

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