orthodoxy-第23章

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of　the　first　mental　calibre　carelessly　uses　the　phrase　that　human



morality　is　never　up　to　date。　　How　can　anything　be　up　to　date？



a　date　has　no　character。　　How　can　one　say　that　Christmas



celebrations　are　not　suitable　to　the　twenty…fifth　of　a　month？　



What　the　writer　meant；　of　course；　was　that　the　majority　is　behind



his　favourite　minorityor　in　front　of　it。　　Other　vague　modern



people　take　refuge　in　material　metaphors；　in　fact；　this　is　the　chief



mark　of　vague　modern　people。　　Not　daring　to　define　their　doctrine



of　what　is　good；　they　use　physical　figures　of　speech　without　stint



or　shame；　and；　what　is　worst　of　all；　seem　to　think　these　cheap



analogies　are　exquisitely　spiritual　and　superior　to　the　old　morality。　



Thus　they　think　it　intellectual　to　talk　about　things　being　〃high。〃　



It　is　at　least　the　reverse　of　intellectual；　it　is　a　mere　phrase



from　a　steeple　or　a　weathercock。　　〃Tommy　was　a　good　boy〃　is　a　pure



philosophical　statement；　worthy　of　Plato　or　Aquinas。　　〃Tommy　lived



the　higher　life〃　is　a　gross　metaphor　from　a　ten…foot　rule。







　　　　　This；　incidentally；　is　almost　the　whole　weakness　of　Nietzsche；



whom　some　are　representing　as　a　bold　and　strong　thinker。　



No　one　will　deny　that　he　was　a　poetical　and　suggestive　thinker；



but　he　was　quite　the　reverse　of　strong。　　He　was　not　at　all　bold。　



He　never　put　his　own　meaning　before　himself　in　bald　abstract　words：　



as　did　Aristotle　and　Calvin；　and　even　Karl　Marx；　the　hard；



fearless　men　of　thought。　　Nietzsche　always　escaped　a　question



by　a　physical　metaphor；　like　a　cheery　minor　poet。　　He　said；



〃beyond　good　and　evil；〃　because　he　had　not　the　courage　to　say；



〃more　good　than　good　and　evil；〃　or；　〃more　evil　than　good　and　evil。〃　



Had　he　faced　his　thought　without　metaphors；　he　would　have　seen　that　it



was　nonsense。　　So；　when　he　describes　his　hero；　he　does　not　dare　to　say；



〃the　purer　man；〃　or　〃the　happier　man；〃　or　〃the　sadder　man；〃　for　all



these　are　ideas；　and　ideas　are　alarming。　　He　says　〃the　upper　man；〃



or　〃over　man；〃　a　physical　metaphor　from　acrobats　or　alpine　climbers。　



Nietzsche　is　truly　a　very　timid　thinker。　　He　does　not　really　know



in　the　least　what　sort　of　man　he　wants　evolution　to　produce。　



And　if　he　does　not　know；　certainly　the　ordinary　evolutionists；



who　talk　about　things　being　〃higher；〃　do　not　know　either。







　　　　　Then　again；　some　people　fall　back　on　sheer　submission



and　sitting　still。　　Nature　is　going　to　do　something　some　day；



nobody　knows　what；　and　nobody　knows　when。　　We　have　no　reason　for　acting；



and　no　reason　for　not　acting。　　If　anything　happens　it　is　right：　



if　anything　is　prevented　it　was　wrong。　　Again；　some　people　try



to　anticipate　nature　by　doing　something；　by　doing　anything。　



Because　we　may　possibly　grow　wings　they　cut　off　their　legs。　



Yet　nature　may　be　trying　to　make　them　centipedes　for　all　they　know。







　　　　　Lastly；　there　is　a　fourth　class　of　people　who　take　whatever



it　is　that　they　happen　to　want；　and　say　that　that　is　the　ultimate



aim　of　evolution。　　And　these　are　the　only　sensible　people。　



This　is　the　only　really　healthy　way　with　the　word　evolution；



to　work　for　what　you　want；　and　to　call　THAT　evolution。　　The　only



intelligible　sense　that　progress　or　advance　can　have　among　men；



is　that　we　have　a　definite　vision；　and　that　we　wish　to　make



the　whole　world　like　that　vision。　　If　you　like　to　put　it　so；



the　essence　of　the　doctrine　is　that　what　we　have　around　us　is　the



mere　method　and　preparation　for　something　that　we　have　to　create。　



This　is　not　a　world；　but　rather　the　material　for　a　world。　



God　has　given　us　not　so　much　the　colours　of　a　picture　as　the　colours



of　a　palette。　　But　he　has　also　given　us　a　subject；　a　model；



a　fixed　vision。　　We　must　be　clear　about　what　we　want　to　paint。　



This　adds　a　further　principle　to　our　previous　list　of　principles。　



We　have　said　we　must　be　fond　of　this　world；　even　in　order　to　change　it。　



We　now　add　that　we　must　be　fond　of　another　world　（real　or　imaginary）



in　order　to　have　something　to　change　it　to。







　　　　　We　need　not　debate　about　the　mere　words　evolution　or　progress：　



personally　I　prefer　to　call　it　reform。　　For　reform　implies　form。　



It　implies　that　we　are　trying　to　shape　the　world　in　a　particular　image；



to　make　it　something　that　we　see　already　in　our　minds。　　Evolution　is



a　metaphor　from　mere　automatic　unrolling。　　Progress　is　a　metaphor　from



merely　walking　along　a　roadvery　likely　the　wrong　road。　　But　reform



is　a　metaphor　for　reasonable　and　determined　men：　　it　means　that　we



see　a　certain　thing　out　of　shape　and　we　mean　to　put　it　into　shape。　



And　we　know　what　shape。







　　　　　Now　here　comes　in　the　whole　collapse　and　huge　blunder　of　our　age。　



We　have　mixed　up　two　different　things；　two　opposite　things。　



Progress　should　mean　that　we　are　always　changing　the　world　to　suit



the　vision。　　Progress　does　mean　（just　now）　that　we　are　always　changing



the　vision。　　It　should　mean　that　we　are　slow　but　sure　in　bringing



justice　and　mercy　among　men：　　it　does　mean　that　we　are　very　swift



in　doubting　the　desirability　of　justice　and　mercy：　　a　wild　page



from　any　Prussian　sophist　makes　men　doubt　it。　　Progress　should　mean



that　we　are　always　walking　towards　the　New　Jerusalem。　　It　does　mean



that　the　New　Jerusalem　is　always　walking　away　from　us。　　We　are　not



altering　the　real　to　suit　the　ideal。　　We　are　altering　the　ideal：　



it　is　easier。







　　　　　Silly　examples　are　always　simpler；　let　us　suppose　a　man　wanted



a　particular　kind　of　world；　say；　a　blue　world。　　He　would　have　no



cause　to　complain　of　the　slightness　or　swiftness　of　his　task；



he　might　toil　for　a　long　time　at　the　transformation；　he　could



work　away　（in　every　sense）　until　all　was　blue。　　He　could　have



heroic　adventures；　the　putting　of　the　last　touches　to　a　blue　tiger。　



He　could　have　fairy　dreams；　the　dawn　of　a　blue　moon。　　But　if　he



worked　hard；　that　high…minded　reformer　would　certainly　（from　his　own



point　of　view）　leave　the　world　better　and　bluer　than　he　found　it。　



If　he　altered　a　blade　of　grass　to　his　favourite　colour　every　day；



he　would　get　on　slowly。　　But　if　he　altered　his　favourite　colour



every　day；　he　would　not　get　on　at　all。　　If；　after　reading　a



fresh　philosopher；　he　started　to　paint　everything　red　or　yellow；



his　work　would　be　thrown　away：　　there　would　be　nothing　to　show　except



a　few　blue　tigers　walking　about；　specimens　of　his　early　bad　manner。　



This　is　exactly　the　position　of　the　average　modern　thinker。　



It　will　be　said　that　this　is　avowedly　a　preposterous　example。　



But　it　is　literally　the　fact　of　recent　history。　　The　great　and　grave



changes　in　our　political　civilization　all　belonged　to　the　early



nineteenth　century；　not　to　the　later。　　They　belonged　to　the　black



and　white　epoch　when　men　believed　fixedly　in　Toryism；　in　Protestantism；



in　Calvinism；　in　Reform；　and　not　unfrequently　in　Revolution。　



And　whatever　each　man　believed　in　he　hammered　at　steadily；



without　scepticism：　　and　there　was　a　time　when　the　Established



Church　might　have　fallen；　and　the　House　of　Lords　nearly　fell。　



It　was　because　Radicals　were　wise　enough　to　be　constant　and　consistent；



it　was　because　Radicals　were　wise　enough　to　be　Conservative。　



But　in　the　existing　atmosphere　there　is　not　enough　time　and　tradition



in　Radicalism　to　pull　anything　down。　　There　is　a　great　deal　of　truth



in　Lord　Hugh　Cecil's　suggestion　（made　in　a　fine　speech）　that　the　era



of　change　is　over；　and　that　ours　is　an　era　of　conservation　and　repose。　



But　probably　it　would　pain　Lord　Hugh　Cecil　if　he　realized　（what



is　certainly　the　case）　that　ours　is　only　an　age　of　conservation



because　it　is　an　age　of　complete　unbelief。　　Let　beliefs　fade　fast



and　frequently；　if　you　wish　institutions　to　remain　the　same。　



The　more　the　life　of　the　mind　is　unhinged；　the　more　the　machinery



of　matter　will　be　left　to　itself。　　The　net　result　of　all　our



political　suggestions；　Collectivism；　Tolstoyanism；　Neo…Feudalism；



Communism；　Anarchy；　Scientific　Bureaucracythe　plain　fruit　of　all



of　them　is　that　the　Monarchy　and　the　House　of　Lords　will　remain。　



The　net　result　of　all　the　new　religions　will　be　that　the　Church



of　England　will　not　（for　heaven　knows　how　long）　be　disestablished。　



It　was　Karl　Marx；　Nietzsche；　Tolstoy；　Cunninghame　Grahame；　Bernard　Shaw



and　Auberon　Herbert；　who　between　them；　with　bowed　gigantic　backs；



bore　up　the　throne　of　the　Archbishop　of　Canterbury。







　　　　　We　may　say　broadly　that　free　thought　is　the　best　of　all　the



safeguards　against　freedom。　　Managed　in　a　modern　style　the　emancipation



of　the　slave's　mind　is　the　best　way　of　preventing　the　emancipation



of　the　slave。　　Teach　him　to　worry　about　whether　he　wants　to　be　free；



and　he　will　not　free　himself。　　Again；　it　may　be　said　that　this



instance　is　remote　or　extreme。　　But；　again；　it　is　exactly　true　of



the　men　in　the　streets　around　us。　　It　is　true　that　the　negro　slave；



being　a　debased　barbarian；　will　probably　have　either　a　human　affection



of　loyalty；　or　a　human　affection　for　liberty。　　But　the　man　we　see



every　daythe　worker　in　Mr。　Gradgrind's　factory；　the　little　clerk



in　Mr。　Gradgrind's　officehe　is　too　mentally　worried　to　believe



in　freedom。　　He　is　kept　quiet　with　revolutionary　literature。　



He　is　calmed　and　kept　in　his　place　by　a　constant　succession　of



wild　philosophies。　　He　is　a　Marxian　one　day；　a　Nietzscheite　the



next　day；　a　Superman　（probably）　the　next　day；　and　a　slave　every　day。　



The　only　thing　that　remains　after　all　the　philosophies　is　the　factory。　



The　only　man　who　gains　by　all　the　philosophies　is　Gradgrind。　



It　would　be　worth　his　while　to　keep　his　commercial　helotry　supplied



with　sceptical　literature。　　And　now　I　come　to　think　of　it；　of　course；



Gradgrind　is　famous　for　giving　libraries。　　He　shows　his　sense。　



All　modern　books　are　on　his　side。　　As　long　as　the　vision　of　heaven



is　always　changing；　the　vision　of　earth　will　be　exactly　the　same。　



No　ideal　will　remain　long　enough　to　be　realized；　or　even　partly　realized。　



The　modern　young　man　will　never　change　his　environment；　for　he　will



always　change　his　mind。







　　　　　This；　therefore；　is　our　first　requirement　about　the　ideal　towards



which　progress　is　directed；　it　must　be　fixed。　　Whistler　used　to　make



many　rapid　studies　of　a　sitter；　it　did　not　matter　if　he　tore　up



twenty　portraits。　　But　it　would　matter　if　he　looked　up　twenty　times；



and　each　time　saw　a　new　person　sitting　placidly　for　his　portrait。　



So　it　does　not　matter　（comparatively