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know�察  �on   good   authority�察  �how   many   troops   of   either   arm   they   had   in 

the field at Leuctra or at Mantinea。 

     ��2�А�Lit。 ;without the rest of the city�察─�i。e。 the hoplites�察�etc。 

     Now�察�to deal with this vast hostile array�察�if only the city will determine 

to   sally   out   en   masse   to   protect   her   rural   districts�察  �the   prospect   is   fair。 

Under   God�察  �our   troopers�察  �if   properly   cared   for�察  �are   the   finer   men�察  �our 

infantry  of   the   line   are   no   less   numerous�察  �and   as   regards   physique�察  �if   it 

comes to that�察�not one whit inferior�察�while in reference to moral qualities�察�

they are more   susceptible to the spur of a   noble ambition�察  �if only  under 

God's     will   they    be   correctly    trained。    Or   again�察   �as  touching      pride   of 

ancestry�察    �what     have    Athenians      to   fear   as  against     Boeotians      on   that 

score�殖�3�А�

     ��3�А   �See   ;Mem。;      III。  v。  3�察 �where     it  is  contended      that  in   pride   of 

ancestry Athenians can hold their own against Boeotians。 

     But suppose the city of Athens determine to betake herself to her navy�察�

as   in   the   old   days   when   the   Lacedaemonians�察  �leagued   with   the   rest   of 

Hellas�察  �brought   invasion�撮�4�А  �and   is   content   once   more   simply   to   protect 

her walls through thick and thin。 As to protecting what lies outside the city 

wall she looks to her cavalry for that�察�and single´handed her troopers must 

do desperate encounter against the united forces of the enemy。 I say�察�under 

these circumstances�察�we shall need in the first place the strong support of 

Heaven�察  �and   in   the   second   place�察  �well   will   it   be   for   us   if   our   cavalry 

commander prove himself a consummate officer。��5�А�Indeed�察�he will have 

need of large wisdom to deal with a force so vastly superior in numbers�察�

and of enterprise to strike when the critical moment comes。 

     ��4�А   �See     Thuc。     ii。  13�察  �14�察   �22�察  �etc。�察  �and    in   particular     iv。   95�察�

Hippocrates' speech before the battle of Delium�察�424 B。C。 

     ��5�А�A ;parfait marechal。; 



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     He    must    also�察  �as  it  appears     to  me�察  �be   capable     of  great   physical 

endurance�撮�6�А�since clearly�察�if he has to run full tilt against an armament 

present�察�as we picture�察�in such force that not even our whole state cares to 

cope with it�察�it is plain he must accept whatever fate is due�察�where might is 

right�察�himself unable to retaliate。 

     ��6�А�So Jason�察 �Hell。; VI。 i。 4。 

     If�察�on the contrary�察�he elect to guard the territory outside the walls��7�А�

with   a   number   just   sufficient   to   keep   a   look´out   on   the   enemy�察  �and   to 

withdraw into safe quarters from a distance whatever needs protectiona 

small   number�察 �be   it   observed�察�is   just   as   capable   of vedette   duty�察 �as   well 

able�察 �say�察 �to   scan   the  distant   horizon�察  �as   a  large�察  �and   by  the  same   token 

men with no great confidence in themselves or in their horses are not ill´ 

qualified to guard�察�or withdraw within shelter��8�А�the property of friends�察�

since fear�察�as the proverb has it�察�makes a shrewd watchman。 The proposal�察�

therefore�察  �to   select   from   these   a   corps   of   observation   will   most   likely 

prove true   strategy。  But   what   then   of  the  residue  not needed   for  outpost 

duty�拭    �If  any   one    imagines     he   has   got   an  armament�察      �he  will   find   it 

miserably   small�察  �and   lacking   in   every   qualification   necessary   to   risk   an 

open encounter。 

     ��7�А�Or�察 �His better plan would be to。; 

     ��8�А�Reading   ��anakhorizein��。  Cf。 ;Cyrop。;   II。  ii。  8�察 �Anab。; V。  ii。  10�察�

or   if  ��anakhorein       eis���察 �transl。   ;or  retire   into  safe   quarters。;          See 

;Hell。; IV。 vi。 44。 

     But let him make up his mind to employ it in guerilla war�察�and he will 

find the force quite competent for that�察�I warrant。 His business�察�so at least 

it seems to me�察�will be to keep his men perpetually in readiness to strike a 

blow�察�and without exposing himself�察�to play sentinel�察�waiting for any false 

move on the part of the hostile armament。 And it is a way with soldiers�察�

bear in mind�察�the more numerous they are�察�the more blunders they commit。 

They   must   needs   scatter   of   set   purpose��9�А  �in   search   of   provisions�察  �or 

through the disorder incidental to a march�察�some will advance and others 

lag behind�察�beyond a proper limit。 Blunders like these�察�then�察�our hipparch 

must   not   let   pass   unpunished   ��unless   he   wishes   the   whole   of   Attica   to 

become   a   gigantic   camp���撮�10�А  �keeping   his   single   point   steadily   in   view�察�



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that when he strikes a blow he must be expeditious and retire before the 

main body has time to rally to the rescue。 

     ��9�А。�epimeleia��。 Cf。 ;Cyrop。; V。 iii。 47。 

     ��10�А�Lit。 ;or else the whole of Attica will be one encampment。; As at 

the     date     of    the    fortification     of    Decelea      ��413     B。C。���察    �which 

permanently        commanded        the   whole    country。    See    Thuc。    vii。  27。   Al。 

Courier�察     �autrement      vous   n'avez    plus   de   camp�察   �ou   pour   mieux     dire�察�

tout le pays devient votre camp。; 

     Again�察�it frequently happens on the march�察�that an army will get into 

roads   where   numbers   are   no   advantage。 Again�察  �in   the   passage   of   rivers�察�

defiles�察   �and   the  like�察 �it  is  possible   for   a  general    with   a  head   on   his 

shoulders to hang on the heels of an enemy in security�察�and to determine 

with precision��11�А�the exact number of the enemy he will care to deal with。 

Occasionally the fine chance occurs to atack the foe while encamping or 

breakfasting or supping�察�or as the men turn out of bed�此�seasons at which 

the soldier is apt to be unharnessedthe hoplite for a shorter�察�the cavalry 

trooper for a longer period。��12�А�

     ��11�А   �See    ;Anab。;      II。  v。   18�察   �Cyrop。;     III。   iii。  47�察  �IV。   i。  18。 

��tamieusasthai���察 �with the precision of a controller。; 

     ��12�А�Cf。 ;Hell。; II。 iv。 6�察�VII。 i。 16。 

     As    to   vedettes    and    advanced      outposts�察   �you   should     never    cease 

planning and plotting against them。 For these in their turn�察�as a rule�察�are 

apt   to   consist   of   small   numbers�察  �and   are   sometimes   posted   at   a   great 

distance   from   their   own   main   body。   But   if   after   all   it   turns   out   that   the 

enemy are well on their guard against all such attempts�察�then�察�God helping�察�

it would be a feat of arms to steal into the enemy's country�察�first making it 

your business to ascertain��13�А�his defences�察�the number of men at this�察�that�察�

and the other point�察�and how they are distributed throughout the country。 

For there is no booty so splendid as an outpost so overmastered�察�and these 

frontier outposts are especially prone to be deceived�察�with their propensity 

to give chase to any small body they set eyes on�察�regarding that as their 

peculiar function。 You will have to see�察�however�察�in retiring that your line 

of retreat is not right into the jaws of the enemy's reliefs hastening to the 

scene of action。 



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     ��13�А�Or�察 �having first studied。; Cf。 ;Mem。; III。 vi。 10。 



                                             VIII 



     It   stands   to   reason�察  �however�察  �that   in   order   to   be   able   to   inflict   real 

damage upon a greatly superior force�察�the weaker combatant must possess 

such a moral superiority over the other as shall enable him to appear in the 

position of an expert�察�trained in all the feats of cavalry performance in the 

field�察�and leave his enemy to play the part of raw recruits or amateurs。��1�А�

     ��1�А�Cf。 ;Cyrop。; I。 v。 11�察 �Mem。; III。 vii。 7。 

     And this end may be secured primarily on this wise�此�those who are to 

form your guerilla bands��2�А�must be so hardened and inured to the saddle 

that they are capable of undergoing all the toils of a campaign。��3�А�That a 

squadron ��and I speak of horse and man alike�� should enter these lists in 

careless�察�disorderly fashion suggests the idea of a troop of women stepping 

into the arena to cope with male antagonists。 

     ��2�А�Or�察�add�察 �for buccaneers and free´lances you must be。; 

     ��3�А�Lit。 ;every toil a soldier can encounter。; 

     But reverse the picture。 Suppose men and horses to have been taught 

and   trained   to   leap   trenches   and   scale   dykes�察  �to   spring   up   banks�察  �and 

plunge     from    heights   without    scathe�察   �to  gallop   headlong     at  full  speed 

adown a steep�此�they will tower over unpractised opponents as the birds of 

the air   tower   over   creatures   that   crawl   and   walk。��4�А�Their   feet   are   case´ 

hardened by constant training�察�and�察�when it comes to tramping over rough 

ground�察�must differ from the uninitiated as the sound man from the lame。 

And so again�察�when it comes to charging and retiring�察�the onward´dashing 

gallop�察  �the   well´skilled�察  �timely   retreat�察  �expert   knowledge   of   the   ground 

and scenery will assert superiority over inexpertness like that of eyesight 

over blindness。 

     ��4�А  �See   ;Horse。;     viii。  6�察 �cf。  ;Hunting�察─   �xii。  2�察  �Cyrop。;     I。  vi。  28 

foll。 

     Nor should it be forgotten�察�that in order to be in thorough efficiency 

the horses must not only be well fed and in good condition�察�but at the same 

time so seasoned by toil that they will go through their work without the 



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risk of becoming broken´winded。 And lastly�察�as bits and saddle´cloths ��to 

be   efficient����5�А  �need   to   be   attached   by   straps�察  �a   cavalry   general   should 

never   be   without   a   good   supply�察  �whereby   at   a   trifling   expense   he   may 

convert a number of nonplussed troopers into serviceable fighting men。��6�А�

     ��5�А。В�khresima���А�L。D。 For the ��upomnema�� itself cf。 ;Cyrop。; VI。 ii。 

32。 

     ��6�А  �Or�察   �thus   at   a   trifling   outlay   he   will   be   able   to   render   so   many 

non´efficients useful。; Al。 ;make the articles as good as new。; 

     But if any one is disposed to dwell on the amount of trouble it will cost 

him�察�if he is required to devote himself to horsemanship so assiduously�察�let 

him     console     himself     wit

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