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kick on the exercising´grounds�察�since it is impossible to keep such animals 

in   the   ranks�察  �and   in   case   of   an   advance   against   a   hostile   force   at   any 

point�撮�22�А�they must perforce trail in the rear�察�so that�察�thanks to the vice of 

the animal which he bestrides�察�the trooper himself is rendered useless。 

     ��20�А  �Or�察   �As   regards   those   who   are   actually   serving   in   the   cavalry。; 

For    a   plausible    emend。     of  this   passage     ��S。  13��   see   Courier    �─�Notes 



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sur le texte�察─�p。 54���察�L。 Dind。 ad loc。 

     ��21�А�Lit。 ;the senate might incite to 。 。 。; 

     ��22�А�Reading ��ean���察�or if ��kan�� with the MSS。�察�trans。 ;even in case of 

an advance against the enemy。; 

     With a view to strengthening the horses' feet�此�if any one has an easier 

or more simple treatment to suggest�察�by all means let it be adopted�察�but for 

myself�察�as the result of experience�察�I maintain that the proper course is to 

lay down a loose layer of cobbles from the road�察�a pound or so in weight�察�

on which the horse should be put to stand�察�when taken from the manger to 

be groomed。��23�А�The point is�察�that the horse will keep perpetually moving 

first one foot and then another on the stones�察�whilst being rubbed down or 

simply because he is fidgeted by flies。 Let any one try the experiment�察�and�察�

I venture to predict�察 �not only will he come to trust   my guidance�察�but   he 

will see his horse's hoofs grow just as round and solid as the cobbles。 

     ��23�А   �See   below�察    �Horse。;    iv。  4。  The    Greeks    did   not  ;shoe;    their 

horses。 

     Assuming�察�then�察�your horses are all that horses ought to be�察�how is the 

trooper to attain a like degree of excellence�拭�To that question I will now 

address myself。 The art of leaping on to horseback is one which we would 

fain   persuade   the   youthful   members   of   the   corps   to   learn   themselves�察�

though�察�if you choose to give them an instructor�撮�24�А�all the greater credit 

to yourself。 And as to the older men you cannot do better than accustom 

them   to   mount�察  �or   rather   to   be   hoisted   up   by   aid   of   some   one�察  �Persian 

fashion。��25�А�

     ��24�А   �Like   Pheidon�察    �in  the   fragment     of  Mnesimachus's        play   ;The 

Breeder           of Horses�察─�ap。 Athen。 See Courier�察�ib。 p。 55。 

     ��25�А�See ;Anab。; IV。 iv。 4�察 �Horsemanship�察─�vi。 12。 

     With a view to keeping a firm seat on every sort of ground�察�it may be 

perhaps be thought a little irksome to be perpetually marching out�察�when 

there   is   no   war�撮�26�А  �but   all   the   same�察  �I   would   have   you   call   your   men 

together and impress upon them the need to train themselves�察�when they 

ride into the country to their farms�察�or elsewhere�察�by leaving the high road 

and   galloping   at   a   round   pace   on   ground   of   every   description。��27�А  �This 

method will be quite as beneficial to them as the regular march out�察�and at 



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the   same   time   not   produce   the   same   sense   of   tedium。   You   may   find   it 

useful   also   to   remind   them   that   the   state   on   her   side   is   quite   willing   to 

expend a sum of nearly forty talents��28�А�yearly�察�so that in the event of war 

she may not have to look about for cavalry�察�but have a thoroughly efficient 

force to hand for active service。 Let these ideas be once instilled into their 

minds�察�and�察�mark my words�察�your trooper will fall with zest to practising 

horsemanship�察  �so   that   if   ever   the   flame   of   war   burst   out   he   may  not   be 

forced   to   enter   the   lists   a   raw   recruit�察  �unskilled   to   fight   for   fame   and 

fatherland or even life itself。 

     ��26�А�In the piping days of peace。 

     ��27�А�See ;Econ。; xi。 17。 Cf。 Theophr。 ;Ch。; viii。 ;The Late Learner;�此�

��kai      eis   agron     eph'    ippou     allotriou    katakhoumenos          ama     meletan 

ippazesthai�察      �kai   peson     ten   kephalon      kateagenai���察       �Riding     into    the 

country on another's horse�察�he will practise his horsemanship by                             the 

way�察�and falling�察�will break his head; ��Jebb��。 

     ��28�А�= L10��000 circa。 See Boeckh�察�op。 cit。 p。 251。 

     It would be no bad thing either�察�to forewarn your troopers that one day 

you   will take   them  out   yourself   for   a long   march�察 �and   lead   them  across 

country over every kind of ground。 Again�察�whilst practising the evolutions 

of the rival cavalry display�撮�29�А�it will be well to gallop out at one time to 

one district and again to another。 Both men and horses will be benefited。 

     ��29�А   �Lit。   ;the   anthippasia。;     See    iii。  11�察 �and   ;Horsemanship�察─        �viii。 

10。 

     Next�察�as to hurling the javelin from horseback�察�the best way to secure 

as wide a practice of the art as possible�察�it strikes me�察�would be to issue an 

order to your phylarchs that it will be their duty to put themselves at the 

head   of   the   marksmen   of   several   tribes�察  �and   to   ride   out   to   the   butts   for 

practice。   In   this   way   a   spirit   of   emulation   will   be   rousedthe   several 

officers will�察�no doubt�察�be eager to turn out as many marksmen as they can 

to aid the state。��30�А�

     ��30�А�On competition cf。 ;Cyrop。; II。 i。 22�察�and our author passim。 

     And so too�察�to ensure that splendour of accoutrement which the force 

requires�撮�31�А  �the   greatest   help   may   once   again   be   looked   for   from   the 

phylarchs�察�let these officers but be persuaded that from the public point of 



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view the splendid appearance of their squadrons��32�А�will confer a title to 

distinction     far  higher    than   that  of   any   personal    equipment。      Nor   is  it 

reasonable to suppose that they will be deaf to such an argument�察�since the 

very desire to hold the office of phylarch itself proclaims a soul alive to 

honour   and   ambition。 And   what   is   more�察  �they  have   it   in   their   power�察  �in 

accordance       with   the  actual   provisions     of  the   law�察 �to   equip   their  men 

without the outlay of a single penny�察�by enforcing that self´equipment out 

of pay��33�А�which the law prescribes。 

     ��31�А�Or�察 �a beauty of equipment�察�worthy of our knights。; Cf。 Aristoph。 

;Lysistr。; 561�察�and a fragment of ;The Knights�察─�of Antiphanes�察                          �ap。 

Athen。 503 B�察。�pant' 'Amaltheias keras��。 See ;Hiero�察─�ix。 6�察                       �Horse。; 

xi。 10。 

     ��32�А   �Lit。   ;tribes�察─  。�phulai��     ��each    of   the   ten   tribes   contributing 

about eighty men�察�or�察�as we might say�察�a squadron��。 

     ��33�А   �i。e。  the   ��katastasis���察    �allowance�察─     �so   technically     called。   Cf。 

Lys。 ;for Mantitheos;�察�Jebb�察 �Att。 Or。; i。 246�察�Boeckh�察 �P。 E。 A。;                         II。 

xxi。 p。 263�察�K。 F。 Hermann�察�152�察�19�察�Martin�察�op。 cit。 p。 341。 

     But    to  proceed。     In  order   to   create   a  spirit  of  obedience      in  your 

subordinates�察  �you   have   two   formidable   instruments�撮�34�А  �as   a   matter   of 

plain    reason    you   can   show     them   what    a  host   of   blessings    the  word 

discipline implies�察�and as a matter of hard fact you can�察�within the limits 

of    the  law�察  �enable    the   well´disciplined      to  reap   advantage�察    �while    the 

undisciplined are made to feel the pinch at every turn。 

     ��34�А �The one theoretic�察�the other practical。; 

     But if you would rouse the emulation of your phylarchs�察�if you would 

stir in each a personal ambition to appear at the head of his own squadron 

in all ways splendidly appointed�察�the best incentive will be your personal 

example。 You must see to it that your own bodyguard��35�А�are decked with 

choice   accoutrement   and   arms�察  �you   must   enforce   on   them   the   need   to 

practise shooting pertinaciously�察�you must expound to them the theory of 

the javelin�察�yourself an adept in the art through constant training。��36�А�

     ��35�А�Techn。 ��prodromoi���察�possibly = the Hippotoxotai�察�or corps of 200 

mounted       archersScythians�察       �cf。  ;Mem。;       III。  iii。  11。   Or�察  �probably�察�

;mounted   skirmishers�察─  �distinct   from  the   ��ippotexotai��。   Cf。               Arrian�察�



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;An。; i。 12。 7。 See Aristot。 ;Ath。 Pol。; 49。 5。 

     ��36�А�Reading as vulg。 ��eisegoio���察�or if with L。 D。 ��egoio�� ��cf。 above�察�

S。 21���察�trans。 ;you must lead them out to the butts yourself。; 

     Lastly�察�were it possible to institute and offer prizes to the several tribal 

squadrons in reward for every excellence of knighthood known to custom 

in   the   public   spectacles   of   our   city�察  �we   have   here�察  �I   think�察  �an   incentive 

which will appeal to the ambition of every true Athenian。 How small�察�in 

the   like   case   of   our   choruses�察  �the   prizes   offered�察  �and   yet   how   great   the 

labour     and    how    vast   the   sums    expended�。�37�А       �But   we    must    discover 

umpires of such high order that to win their verdict will be as precious to 

the victor as victory itself。 

     ��37�А    �See   ;Hell。;    III。  iv。  15�察   �Hiero�察─    �ix。   3�察  �Cyrop。;      I。  vi。  18�察�

Martin�察�op。 cit。 p。 260 f。 



                                                 II 



     Given�察�then�察�that your troopers are thoroughly trained in all the above 

particulars�察�it is necessary�察�I presume�察�that they should further be instructed 

in a type of evolution the effect of which will show itself not only in the 

splendour   of   the   great   processions��1�А  �in   honour   of   the   gods�察  �but   in   the 

manouvres   of   the   exercising´ground�察  �in   the   valorous   onslaught   of   real 

battle  when   occasion   calls�察  �and   in   the   ease   with   which   whole   regiments 

will prosecute their march�察�or cross a river�察�or thread a defile without the 

slightest symptom of confusion。 What this formation isessential�察�at least 

in my opinion�察�to the noblest execution of their several dutiesI will now�察�

without delay�察�endeavour to explain。��2�А�

     ��1�А�e。g。 the Panathenaic�察�as depicted on the frieze of the Parthenon。 

     ��2�А   �Or�察  �what     this  best   order   is�察 �the   adoption     of  which     will  give 

these     several     features    fair   accomplishment�察         �I  will    without     further 

pause set forth。; 

     We take as our basis�察�then�察�the constitutional division of ten tri

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