wealbk01-第4章

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house…carpenter。　In　the　same　manner　a　third　becomes　a　smith　or　a

brazier；　a　fourth　a　tanner　or　dresser　of　hides　or　skins；　the

principal　part　of　the　nothing　of　savages。　And　thus　the　certainty

of　being　able　to　exchange　all　that　surplus　part　of　the　produce　of

his　own　labour；　which　is　over　and　above　his　own　consumption；　for

such　parts　of　the　produce　of　other　men's　labour　as　he　may　have

occasion　for；　encourages　every　man　to　apply　himself　to　a

particular　occupation；　and　to　cultivate　and　bring　to　perfection

whatever　talent　or　genius　he　may　possess　for　that　particular

species　of　business。

　　　　　The　difference　of　natural　talents　in　different　men　is；　in

reality；　much　less　than　we　are　aware　of；　and　the　very　different

genius　which　appears　to　distinguish　men　of　different　professions；

when　grown　up　to　maturity；　is　not　upon　many　occasions　so　much　the

cause　as　the　effect　of　the　division　of　labour。　The　difference

between　the　most　dissimilar　characters；　between　a　philosopher　and

a　common　street　porter；　for　example；　seems　to　arise　not　so　much

from　nature　as　from　habit；　custom；　and　education。　When　they　came

into　the　world；　and　for　the　first　six　or　eight　years　of　their

existence；　they　were　perhaps　very　much　alike；　and　neither　their

parents　nor　playfellows　could　perceive　any　remarkable　difference。

About　that　age；　or　soon　after；　they　come　to　be　employed　in　very

different　occupations。　The　difference　of　talents　comes　then　to　be

taken　notice　of；　and　widens　by　degrees；　till　at　last　the　vanity

of　the　philosopher　is　willing　to　acknowledge　scarce　any

resemblance。　But　without　the　disposition　to　truck；　barter；　and

exchange；　every　man　must　have　procured　to　himself　every　necessary

and　conveniency　of　life　which　he　wanted。　All　must　have　had　the

same　duties　to　perform；　and　the　same　work　to　do；　and　there　could

have　been　no　such　difference　of　employment　as　could　alone　give

occasion　to　any　great　difference　of　talents。

　　　　　As　it　is　this　disposition　which　forms　that　difference　of

talents；　so　remarkable　among　men　of　different　professions；　so　it

is　this　same　disposition　which　renders　that　difference　useful。

Many　tribes　of　animals　acknowledged　to　be　all　of　the　same　species

derive　from　nature　a　much　more　remarkable　distinction　of　genius；

than　what；　antecedent　to　custom　and　education；　appears　to　take

place　among　men。　By　nature　a　philosopher　is　not　in　genius　and

disposition　half　so　different　from　a　street　porter；　as　a　mastiff

is　from　a　greyhound；　or　a　greyhound　from　a　spaniel；　or　this　last

from　a　shepherd's　dog。　Those　different　tribes　of　animals；

however；　though　all　of　the　same　species；　are　of　scarce　any　use　to

one　another。　The　strength　of　the　mastiff　is　not；　in　the　least；

supported　either　by　the　swiftness　of　the　greyhound；　or　by　the

sagacity　of　the　spaniel；　or　by　the　docility　of　the　shepherd's

dog。　The　effects　of　those　different　geniuses　and　talents；　for

want　of　the　power　or　disposition　to　barter　and　exchange；　cannot

be　brought　into　a　common　stock；　and　do　not　in　the　least

contribute　to　the　better　accommodation　ind　conveniency　of　the

species。　Each　animal　is　still　obliged　to　support　and　defend

itself；　separately　and　independently；　and　derives　no　sort　of

advantage　from　that　variety　of　talents　with　which　nature　has

distinguished　its　fellows。　Among　men；　on　the　contrary；　the　most

dissimilar　geniuses　are　of　use　to　one　another；　the　different

produces　of　their　respective　talents；　by　the　general　disposition

to　truck；　barter；　and　exchange；　being　brought；　as　it　were；　into　a

common　stock；　where　every　man　may　purchase　whatever　part　of　the

produce　of　other　men's　talents　he　has　occasion　for。　　





　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　CHAPTER　III



　　　That　the　Division　of　Labour　is　limited　by　the　Extent　of　the

Market　



　　　　　AS　it　is　the　power　of　exchanging　that　gives　occasion　to　the

division　of　labour；　so　the　extent　of　this　division　must　always　be

limited　by　the　extent　of　that　power；　or；　in　other　words；　by　the

extent　of　the　market。　When　the　market　is　very　small；　no　person

can　have　any　encouragement　to　dedicate　himself　entirely　to　one

employment；　for　want　of　the　power　to　exchange　all　that　surplus

part　of　the　produce　of　his　own　labour；　which　is　over　and　above

his　own　consumption；　for　such　parts　of　the　produce　of　other　men's

labour　as　he　has　occasion　for。

　　　　　There　are　some　sorts　of　industry；　even　of　the　lowest　kind；

which　can　be　carried　on　nowhere　but　in　a　great　town。　A　porter；

for　example；　can　find　employment　and　subsistence　in　no　other

place。　A　village　is　by　much　too　narrow　a　sphere　for　him；　even　an

ordinary　market　town　is　scarce　large　enough　to　afford　him

constant　occupation。　In　the　lone　houses　and　very　small　villages

which　are　scattered　about　in　so　desert　a　country　as　the　Highlands

of　Scotland；　every　farmer　must　be　butcher；　baker　and　brewer　for

his　own　family。　In　such　situations　we　can　scarce　expect　to　find

even　a　smith；　a　carpenter；　or　a　mason；　within　less　than　twenty

miles　of　another　of　the　same　trade。　The　scattered　families　that

live　at　eight　or　ten　miles　distance　from　the　nearest　of　them　must

learn　to　perform　themselves　a　great　number　of　little　pieces　of

work；　for　which；　in　more　populous　countries；　they　would　call　in

the　assistance　of　those　workmen。　Country　workmen　are　almost

everywhere　obliged　to　apply　themselves　to　all　the　different

branches　of　industry　that　have　so　much　affinity　to　one　another　as

to　be　employed　about　the　same　sort　of　materials。　A　country

carpenter　deals　in　every　sort　of　work　that　is　made　of　wood：　a

country　smith　in　every　sort　of　work　that　is　made　of　iron。　The

former　is　not　only　a　carpenter；　but　a　joiner；　a　cabinet…maker；

and　even　a　carver　in　wood；　as　well　as　a　wheel…wright；　a

plough…wright；　a　cart　and　waggon　maker。　The　employments　of　the

latter　are　still　more　various。　It　is　impossible　there　should　be

such　a　trade　as　even　that　of　a　nailer　in　the　remote　and　inland

parts　of　the　Highlands　of　Scotland。　Such　a　workman　at　the　rate　of

a　thousand　nails　a　day；　and　three　hundred　working　days　in　the

year；　will　make　three　hundred　thousand　nails　in　the　year。　But　in

such　a　situation　it　would　be　impossible　to　dispose　of　one

thousand；　that　is；　of　one　day's　work　in　the　year。

　　　　　As　by　means　of　water…carriage　a　more　extensive　market　is

opened　to　every　sort　of　industry　than　what　land…carriage　alone

can　afford　it；　so　it　is　upon　the　sea…coast；　and　along　the　banks

of　navigable　rivers；　that　industry　of　every　kind　naturally　begins

to　subdivide　and　improve　itself；　and　it　is　frequently　not　till　a

long　time　after　that　those　improvements　extend　themselves　to　the

inland　parts　of　the　country。　A　broad…wheeled　waggon；　attended　by

two　men；　and　drawn　by　eight　horses；　in　about　six　weeks'　time

carries　and　brings　back　between　London　and　Edinburgh　near　four

ton　weight　of　goods。　In　about　the　same　time　a　ship　navigated　by

six　or　eight　men；　and　sailing　between　the　ports　of　London　and

Leith；　frequently　carries　and　brings　back　two　hundred　ton　weight

of　goods。　Six　or　eight　men；　therefore；　by　the　help　of

water…carriage；　can　carry　and　bring　back　in　the　same　time　the

same　quantity　of　goods　between　London　and　Edinburgh；　as　fifty

broad…wheeled　waggons；　attended　by　a　hundred　men；　and　drawn　by

four　hundred　horses。　Upon　two　hundred　tons　of　goods；　therefore；

carried　by　the　cheapest　land…carriage　from　London　to　Edinburgh；

there　must　be　charged　the　maintenance　of　a　hundred　men　for　three

weeks；　and　both　the　maintenance；　and；　what　is　nearly　equal　to　the

maintenance；　the　wear　and　tear　of　four　hundred　horses　as　well　as

of　fifty　great　waggons。　Whereas；　upon　the　same　quantity　of　goods

carried　by　water；　there　is　to　be　charged　only　the　maintenance　of

six　or　eight　men；　and　the　wear　and　tear　of　a　ship　of　two　hundred

tons　burden；　together　with　the　value　of　the　superior　risk；　or　the

difference　of　the　insurance　between　land　and　water…carriage。　Were

there　no　other　communication　between　those　two　places；　therefore；

but　by　land…carriage；　as　no　goods　could　be　transported　from　the

one　to　the　other；　except　such　whose　price　was　very　considerable

in　proportion　to　their　weight；　they　could　carry　on　but　a　small

part　of　that　commerce　which　at　present　subsists　between　them；　and

consequently　could　give　but　a　small　part　of　that　encouragement

which　they　at　present　mutually　afford　to　each　other's　industry。

There　could　be　little　or　no　commerce　of　any　kind　between　the

distant　parts　of　the　world。　What　goods　could　bear　the　expense　of

land…carriage　between　London　and　Calcutta？　Or　if　there　were　any

so　precious　as　to　be　able　to　support　this　expense；　with　what

safety　could　they　be　transported　through　the　territories　of　so

many　barbarous　nations？　Those　two　cities；　however；　at　present

carry　on　a　very　considerable　commerce　with　each　other；　and　by

mutually　affording　a　market；　give　a　good　deal　of　encouragement　to

each　other's　industry。

　　　　　Since　such；　therefore；　are　the　advantages　of　water…carriage；

it　is　natural　that　the　first　improvements　of　art　and　industry

should　be　made　where　this　conveniency　opens　the　whole　world　for　a

market　to　the　produce　of　every　sort　of　labour；　and　that　they

should　always　be　much　later　in　extending　themselves　into　the

inland　parts　of　the　country。　The　inland　parts　of　the　country　can

for　a　long　time　have　no　other　market　for　the　greater　part　of

their　goods；　but　the　country　which　lies　round　about　them；　and

separates　them　from　the　sea…coast；　and　the　great　navigable

rivers。　The　extent　of　their　market；　therefore；　must　for　a　long

time　be　in　proportion　to　the　riches　and　populousness　of　that

country；　and　consequently　their　improvement　must　always　be

posterior　to　the　improvement　of　that　country。　In　our　North

American　colonies　the　plantations　have　constantly　followed　either

the　sea…coast　or　the　banks　of　the　navigable　rivers；　and　have

scarce　anywhere　extended　themselves　to　any　considerable　distance

from　both。

　　　　　The　nations　that；　according　to　the　best　authenticated

history；　appear　to　have　been　first　civilised；　were　those　that

dwelt　round　the　coast　of　the　Mediterranean　Sea。　That　sea；　by　far

the　greatest　inlet　that　is　known　in　the　world；　having　no　tides；

nor　consequently　any　waves　except　such　as　are　caused　by　the　wind

only；　was；　by　the　smoothness　of　its　surface；　as　well　as　by　the

multitude　of　its　islands；　and　the　proximity　of　its　neighbouring

shores；　extremely　favourable　to　the　infant　navigation　of　the

world；　when；　from　their　ignorance　of　the　compass；　men　were　afraid

to　quit　the　view　of　the　coast；　and　from　the　imperfection　of　the

art　of　shipbuilding；　to　abandon　themselves　to　the　boisterous

waves　of　the　ocean。　To　pass　beyond　the　pillars　of　Hercules；　that

is；　to　sail　out　of　the　Straits　of　Gibraltar；　was；　in　the　ancient

world；　long　considered　as　a　most　wonderful　and　dangerous　exploit

of　navigation。　It　was　late　before　even　the　Phoenicians　and

Carthaginians；　the　most　skilful　navigators　and　ship…builders　of

those　old　times；　attempted　it；　and　they　were