wealbk01-第37章

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proprietors　find　it　more　for　their　interest　to　sell　a　great

quantity　at　a　price　somewhat　above　the　lowest；　than　a　small

quantity　at　the　highest。　The　most　fertile　coal…mine；　too；

regulates　the　price　of　coals　at　all　the　other　mines　in　its

neighbourhood。　Both　the　proprietor　and　the　undertaker　of　the　work

find；　the　one　that　he　can　get　a　greater　rent；　the　other　that　he

can　get　a　greater　profit；　by　somewhat　underselling　all　their

neighbours。　Their　neighbours　are　soon　obliged　to　sell　at　the　same

price；　though　they　cannot　so　well　afford　it；　and　though　it　always

diminishes；　and　sometimes　takes　away　altogether　both　their　rent

and　their　profit。　Some　works　are　abandoned　altogether；　others　can

afford　no　rent；　and　can　be　wrought　only　by　the　proprietor。

　　　　　The　lowest　price　at　which　coals　can　be　sold　for　any

considerable　time　is；　like　that　of　all　other　commodities；　the

price　which　is　barely　sufficient　to　replace；　together　with　its

ordinary　profits；　the　stock　which　must　be　employed　in　bringing

them　to　market。　At　as　coal…mine　for　which　the　landlord　can　get　no

rent；　but　which　he　must　either　work　himself　or　let　it　alone

altogether；　the　price　of　coals　must　generally　be　nearly　about

this　price。

　　　　　Rent；　even　where　coals　afford　one；　has　generally　a　smaller

share　in　their　prices　than　in　that　of　most　other　parts　of　the

rude　produce　of　land。　The　rent　of　an　estate　above　ground　commonly

amounts　to　what　is　supposed　to　be　a　third　of　the　gross　produce；

and　it　is　generally　a　rent　certain　and　independent　of　the

occasional　variations　in　the　crop。　In　coal…mines　a　fifth　of　the

gross　produce　is　a　very　great　rent；　a　tenth　the　common　rent；　and

it　is　seldom　a　rent　certain；　but　depends　upon　the　occasional

variations　in　the　produce。　These　are　so　great　that；　in　a　country

where　thirty　years'　purchase　is　considered　as　a　moderate　price

for　the　property　of　a　landed　estate；　ten　years'　purchase　is

regarded　as　a　good　price　for　that　of　a　coal…mine。

　　　　　The　value　of　a　coal…mine　to　the　proprietor　frequently

depends　as　much　upon　its　situation　as　upon　its　fertility。　That　of

a　metallic　mine　depends　more　upon　its　fertility；　and　less　upon

its　situation。　The　coarse；　and　still　more　the　precious　metals；

when　separated　from　the　ore；　are　so　valuable　that　they　can

generally　bear　the　expense　of　a　very　long　land；　and　of　the　most

distant　sea　carriage。　Their　market　is　not　confined　to　the

countries　in　the　neighbourhood　of　the　mine；　but　extends　to　the

whole　world。　The　copper　of　Japan　makes　an　article　of　commerce　in

Europe；　the　iron　of　Spain　in　that　of　Chili　and　Peru。　The　silver

of　Peru　finds　its　way；　not　only　to　Europe；　but　from　Europe　to

China。

　　　　　The　price　of　coals　in　Westmoreland　or　Shropshire　can　have

little　effect　on　their　price　at　Newcastle；　and　their　price　in　the

Lionnois　can　have　none　at　all。　The　productions　of　such　distant

coal…mines　can　never　be　brought　into　competition　with　one

another。　But　the　productions　of　the　most　distant　metallic　mines

frequently　may；　and　in　fact　commonly　are。　The　price；　therefore；

of　the　coarse；　and　still　more　that　of　the　precious　metals；　at　the

most　fertile　mines　in　the　world；　must　necessarily　more　or　less

affect　their　price　at　every　other　in　it。　The　price　of　copper　in

Japan　must　have　some　influence　upon　its　price　at　the　copper　mines

in　Europe。　The　price　of　silver　in　Peru；　or　the　quantity　either　of

labour　or　of　other　goods　which　it　will　purchase　there；　must　have

some　influence　on　its　price；　not　only　at　the　silver　mines　of

Europe；　but　at　those　of　China。　After　the　discovery　of　the　mines

of　Peru；　the　silver　mines　of　Europe　were；　the　greater　part　of

them；　abandoned。　The　value　of　was　so　much　reduced　that　their

produce　could　no　longer　pay　the　expense　of　working　them；　or

replace；　with　a　profit；　the　food；　clothes；　lodging；　and　other

necessaries　which　were　consumed　in　that　operation。　This　was　the

case；　too；　with　the　mines　of　Cuba　and　St。　Domingo；　and　even　with

the　ancient　mines　of　Peru；　after　the　discovery　of　those　of

Potosi。

　　　　　The　price　of　every　metal　at　every　mine；　therefore；　being

regulated　in　some　measure　by　its　price　at　the　most　fertile　mine

in　the　world　that　is　actually　wrought；　it　can　at　the　greater　part

of　mines　do　very　little　more　than　pay　the　expense　of　working；　and

can　seldom　afford　a　very　high　rent　to　the　landlord。　Rent；

accordingly；　seems　at　the　greater　part　of　mines　to　have　but　a

small　share　in　the　price　of　the　coarse；　and　a　still　smaller　in

that　of　the　precious　metals。　Labour　and　profit　make　up　the

greater　part　of　both。

　　　　　A　sixth　part　of　the　gross　produce　may　be　reckoned　the

average　rent　of　the　tin　mines　of　Cornwall　the　most　fertile　that

are　known　in　the　world；　as　we　are　told　by　the　Reverend　Mr。

Borlace；　vice…warden　of　the　stannaries。　Some；　he　says；　afford

more；　and　some　do　not　afford　so　much。　A　sixth　part　of　the　gross

produce　is　the　rent；　too；　of　several　very　fertile　lead　mines　in

Scotland。

　　　　　In　the　silver　mines　of　Peru；　we　are　told　by　Frezier　and

Ulloa；　the　proprietor　frequently　exacts　no　other　acknowledgment

from　the　undertaker　of　the　mine；　but　that　he　will　grind　the　ore

at　his　mill；　paying　him　the　ordinary　multure　or　price　of

grinding。　Till　1736；　indeed；　the　tax　of　the　King　of　Spain

amounted　to　one…fifth　of　the　standard　silver；　which　till　then

might　be　considered　as　the　real　rent　of　the　greater　part　of　the

silver　mines　of　Peru；　the　richest　which　have　been　known　in　the

world。　If　there　had　been　no　tax　this　fifth　would　naturally　have

belonged　to　the　landlord；　and　many　mines　might　have　been　wrought

which　could　not　then　be　wrought；　because　they　could　not　afford

this　tax。　The　tax　of　the　Duke　of　Cornwall　upon　tin　is　supposed　to

amount　to　more　than　five　per　cent　or　one…twentieth　part　of　the

value；　and　whatever　may　be　his　proportion；　it　would　naturally；

too；　belong　to　the　proprietor　of　the　mine；　if　tin　was　duty　free。

But　if　you　add　one…twentieth　to　one…sixth；　you　will　find　that　the

whole　average　rent　of　the　tin　mines　of　Cornwall　was　to　the　whole

average　rent　of　the　silver　mines　of　Peru　as　thirteen　to　twelve。

But　the　silver　mines　of　Peru　are　not　now　able　to　pay　even　this

low　rent；　and　the　tax　upon　silver　was；　in　1736；　reduced　from

one…fifth　to　one…tenth。　Even　this　tax　upon　silver；　too；　gives

more　temptation　to　smuggling　than　the　tax　of　one…twentieth　upon

tin；　and　smuggling　must　be　much　easier　in　the　precious　than　in

the　bulky　commodity。　The　tax　of　the　King　of　Spain　accordingly　is

said　to　be　very　ill　paid；　and　that　of　the　Duke　of　Cornwall　very

well。　Rent；　therefore；　it　is　probable；　makes　a　greater　part　of

the　price　of　tin　at　the　most　fertile　tin　mines　than　it　does　of

silver　at　the　most　fertile　silver　mines　in　the　world。　After

replacing　the　stock　employed　in　working　those　different　mines；

together　with　its　ordinary　profits；　the　residue　which　remains　to

the　proprietor　is　greater；　it　seems；　in　the　coarse　than　in　the

precious　metal。

　　　　　Neither　are　the　profits　of　the　undertakers　of　silver　mines

commonly　very　great　in　Peru。　The　same　most　respectable　and

well…informed　authors　acquaint　us；　that　when　any　person

undertakes　to　work　a　new　mine　in　Peru；　he　is　universally　looked

upon　as　a　man　destined　to　bankruptcy　and　ruin；　and　is　upon　that

account　shunned　and　avoided　by　everybody。　Mining；　it　seems；　is

considered　there　in　the　same　light　as　here；　as　a　lottery；　in

which　the　prizes　do　not　compensate　the　blanks；　though　the

greatness　of　some　tempts　many　adventurers　to　throw　away　their

fortunes　in　such　unprosperous　projects。

　　　　　As　the　sovereign；　however；　derives　a　considerable　part　of

his　revenue　from　the　produce　of　silver　mines；　the　law　in　Peru

gives　every　possible　encouragement　to　the　discovery　and　working

of　new　ones。　Whoever　discovers　a　new　mine　is　entitled　to　measure

off　two　hundred　and　forty…six　feet　in　length；　according　to　what

he　supposes　to　be　the　direction　of　the　vein；　and　half　as　much　in

breadth。　He　becomes　proprietor　of　this　portion　of　the　mine；　and

can　work　it　without　paying　any　acknowledgment　to　the　landlord。

The　interest　of　the　Duke　of　Cornwall　has　given　occasion　to　a

regulation　nearly　of　the　same　kind　in　that　ancient　duchy。　In

waste　and　unenclosed　lands　any　person　who　discovers　a　tin　mine

may　mark　its　limits　to　a　certain　extent；　which　is　called　bounding

a　mine。　The　bounder　becomes　the　real　proprietor　of　the　mine；　and

may　either　work　it　himself；　or　give　it　in　lease　to　another；

without　the　consent　of　the　owner　of　the　land；　to　whom；　however；　a

very　small　acknowledgment　must　be　paid　upon　working　it。　In　both

regulations　the　sacred　rights　of　private　property　are　sacrificed

to　the　supposed　interests　of　public　revenue。

　　　　　The　same　encouragement　is　given　in　Peru　to　the　discovery　and

working　of　new　gold　mines；　and　in　gold　the　king's　tax　amounts

only　to　a　twentieth　part　of　the　standard　metal。　It　was　once　a

fifth；　and　afterwards　a　tenth；　as　in　silver；　but　it　was　found

that　the　work　could　not　bear　even　the　lowest　of　these　two　taxes。

If　it　is　rare；　however；　say　the　same　authors；　Frezier　and　Ulloa；

to　find　a　person　who　has　made　his　fortune　by　a　silver；　it　is

still　much　rarer　to　find　one　who　has　done　so　by　a　gold　mine。　This

twentieth　part　seems　to　be　the　whole　rent　which　is　paid　by　the

greater　part　of　the　gold　mines　in　Chili　and　Peru。　Gold；　too；　is

much　more　liable　to　be　smuggled　than　even　silver；　not　only　on

account　of　the　superior　value　of　the　metal　in　proportion　to　its

bulk；　but　on　account　of　the　peculiar　way　in　which　nature　produces

it。　Silver　is　very　seldom　found　virgin；　but；　like　most　other

metals；　is　generally　mineralized　with　some　other　body；　from　which

it　is　impossible　to　separate　it　in　such　quantities　as　will　pay

for　the　expense；　but　by　a　very　laborious　and　tedious　operation；

which　cannot　well　be　carried　on　but　in　workhouses　erected　for　the

purpose；　and　therefore　exposed　to　the　inspection　of　the　king's

officers。　Gold；　on　the　contrary；　is　almost　always　found　virgin。

It　is　sometimes　found　in　pieces　of　some　bulk；　and　even　when　mixed

in　small　and　almost　insensible　particles　with　sand；　earth；　and

other　extraneous　bodies；　it　can　be　separated　from　them　by　a　very

short　and　simple　operation；　which　can　be　carried　on　in　any

private　house　by　anybody　who　is　possessed　of　a　small　quantity　of

mercury。　If　the　king's　tax；　therefore；　is　but　ill　paid　upon

silver；　it　is　likely　to　be　much　worse　paid　upon　gold；　and　rent；

must　make　a　much　smaller　part　of　the　price　of　gold　than　even　of

that　of　silver。

　　　　　The　lowest　price　at　which　the　precious　metals　can　be　sold；

or　the　smallest　quantity　of　other　goods　for　which　they　can　be

exchanged　during　any　considerable　time；　is　regulated　by　the　same

principles　which　fix　the　lowest　ordinary　price　of　all　other

goods。　The　stock　which　must　commonly　be　employed；　the　food；　the

clothes；　and　lodging　which　must　commonly　be　consumed　in　bringing

them　from　the　mine　to　the　market；　determine　it。　It　must　at　least

be　sufficient　to　replace　that