memoir of the proposed territory of arizona-第5章

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performed　in　the　open　air　at　each　season。　The　nature　of　the
climate　through　Texas　to　the　Rio　Grande　has　already　been　referred
to；　and　from　thence　to　the　Santa　Cruz　valley　half　way　to　the
Colorado；　over　the　elevated　plateau　of　the　Sierra　Madra；　it　is
equally　salubrious　and　temperate。　The　rainy　season　falls　in　the
summer　months；　and　but　seldom　is　snow　seen　even　upon　the　mountain
tops。　Towards　the　Colorado　river　it　is　much　drier　and　more
torrid；　but　by　no　means　unhealthy；　nor　does　it　prevent　out　door
work　the　whole　of　the　day　during　the　heated　term　of　summer。

〃The　great　riches　of　the　country；　however；　are　a　total　waste　at
the　present　time；　but　which　the　Pacific　railroad　will　at　once
develop；　and　make　to　itself　the　foundation　of　a　vast　revenue。　I
refer　to　its　metallic　wealth；　the　silver；　gold；　and　copper　mines
that　abound　in　almost　every　mountain　and　valley；　between　the　Rio
Grande　and　the　Gulf　of　California。

〃The　ores　of　Chihuahua　and　Sonora　＇now　Arizona。　S。　M。＇　are
chiefly　sulphuret　（lead　or　iron）；　or　native　silver　in　porphyritic
or　stratified　limestone　rocks　passing　at　greater　depths　into
igneous　rocks。　From　loose　piles　lying　upon　the　surface　and
evidently　picked　over；　I　procured　specimens　of　silvier　and
copper。　Three　samples　representing　points　on　the　line　of　our
exploration　about　equi…distant　from　each　other；　viz。：　the　Rio
Grande；　the　neighborhood　of　Tubac；　and　within　90　miles　of　the
junction　of　the　Gila　and　Colorado　rivers；　were　submitted　to　Dr。
I。　K。　Chilton；　of　New　York；　for　analysis。　He　found　in　one　sample
of　lead　ore　（argentiferous　galena）；　by　fire　assay　71　per　cent。　of
lead；　and　the　〃LEAD　YIELDED　SILVER　EQUIVALENT　to　128　ounces；　1
dwt。　to　the　ton〃　（of　2000　pounds）。

〃In　another；　he　found　the　lead　obtained　from　it　to　yield　silver
in　the　proportion　of　72　ounces　5　dwts。　to　the　ton　or　2000　pounds。

〃The　copper　specimen　was　the　red　oxide；　and　yielded　as　follows：

　　　Copper；。。。。。。。。。。。。　71。80
　　　Iron；。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。　7。84
　　　Oxygen；。。。。。。。。。。。。。12。34
　　　Silicia；　Alumina；。。。。8。02
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　100　parts。

〃The　Papagos　and　Pimas　Indians；　by　proper　management；　might　be
made　very　useful；　in　working　upon　the　road　where　there　is　not
much　rock　excavation。　They　are　unlike　the　Indians　of　Texas；　or
the　Apaches；　living　in　villages　and　cultivating　the　soil；　besides
manufacturing　blankets；　baskets；　pottery；　etc。　Quiet　and
peaceable；　they　have　no　fears　except　from　their　enemies；　the
Apaches；　and　are　very　industrious；　much　more　so　than　the　lower
order　of　Mexicans；　and　live　far　more　comfortably。　It　is
astonishing　with　what　precision　they　construct　their
acequiasirrigating　canalssome　of　them；　the　acequias　madre；　of
very　large　size；　and　without　the　use　of　levelling　apparatus；　but
simply　by　the　eye。　Their　gardens　and　farms　too　are　regularly
ditched　and　fenced　off　into　rectangles　and　circles；　with　hedges
and　trees　planted　as　if　done　by　more　enlightened　people。〃

The　population　of　the　new　Territory　of　Arizona　is　at　present　not
far　from　eight　thousand；　and　is　rapidly　increasing。　The　Mesilla
Valley　and　the　Rio　Grande　are　probably　the　most　thickly
populated；　containing　about　five　thousand　people。　A　majority　of
the　Mesilla　inhabitants　are　Mexicans；　but　they　will　be　controlled
by　the　American　residents；　whose　number　and　influence　is
constantly　on　the　increase。　The　Santa　Cruz　Valley；　in　which　are
situated　the　towns　of　Tueson；　Tubac；　Tumacacari；　and　the　mining
settlement　of　Sopori　and　others；　is；　next　to　Mesilla；　the　most
thickly　settled。　Tueson　was　formerly　a　town　of　three　thousand
inhabitants；　but　the　majority　have　been　driven　off　by　the　Apache
Indians。　It　is　fast　becoming　a　thriving　American　town；　and　will
before　long　be　a　place　of　more　importance　than　ever　before。　Real
estate　is　already　held　at　high　rates；　and　the　erection　of
buildings　shows　that　American　energy　is　about　to　change　the　face
of　the　last　half　century。　Tubac　had　been　completely　deserted　by
the　Mexicans。　It　has　been　reoccupied　by　the　Sonora　Exploring　and
Mining　Company；　and　now　boasts　a　population　of　several　hundred。
The　Calabazas　valley　is　also　fast　filling　up　with　an　American
population；　and　another　year　will　see　the　whole　centre　of　the
Territory　dotted　with　settlements。　Many　of　the　fine　claims　on　the
San　Pedro　River　have　already　been　located　by　emigrants　under　the
general　pre…emption　law；　but　until　protection　is　afforded　to　the
settlers；　but　little　progress　will　be　made　in　agricultural
pursuits。　The　Apache　Indian　regards　the　soil　as　his　own；　and
having　expelled　the　Spanish　and　Mexican　invader；　he　feels　little
inclination　to　submit　to　the　American。　A　small　settlement　of
Americans　is　growing　up　at　Colorado　city；　opposite　Fort　Yuma；　at
the　junction　of　the　Gila　and　Colorado　rivers。　This　point　is
destined　to　be　one　of　great　commercial　and　pecuniary　importance。
Situated　at　the　present　head　of　navigation；　at　the　point　where
the　overland　mail　route　crosses　the　Colorado；　and　where　the
Southern　Pacific　Railroad　must　bridge　the　stream；　it　is　a
necessary　stopping　place　for　all　travel　across　the　country。　Here
are　transhipped　all　the　ores　coming　from　the　Territory；　which
find　their　way　to　market　down　the　Colorado　to　the　Gulf　of
California；　thence　by　steamer　or　sailing　vessel　to　their
destination。　Here　all　supplies　of　merchandise　for　the　Territory
are　landed；　and　from　this　point　forwarded　to　their　various
owners。　A　thriving　commerce　has　already　sprung　up　between　Arizona
and　San　Francisco。　In　almost　any　daily　paper　in　San　Francisco　may
be　seen　vessels　advertised　for　the　mouth　of　the　Colorado。　Two
steamers　find　active　employment　in　transporting　government　stores
from　the　head　of　the　Gulf　of　California　to　Fort　Yuma；　and　goods
to　Colorado　city　for　the　merchants　of　Tueson；　Tubac；　Calabazas；
and　for　the　mining　companies。　Should　the　exploration　of　the　Upper
Colorado　by　Lieutenant　Ives；　United　States　Army；　now　in　progress；
prove　successful；　Colorado　city　will　become　still　more　important；
as　the　surplus　products　of　the　rich　valleys　of　New　Mexico；　Utah；
and　California　to　the　north；　will　all　find　a　market　down　the
Colorado。　Property　in　this　new　city　is　held　at　high　rates；　and　by
the　last　San　Francisco　News　Letter　is　quoted　at　an　advance。　The
population　of　Arizona　Territory　has　much　increased　within　a　few
months　by　emigration　from　California。　The　massacre　of　Henry　A。
Crabbe　and　his　party　by　the　Mexicans　at　Cavorca　created　a　desire
for　revenge　throughout　all　California。　Companies　have　been
formed；　and　large　parties　are　settling　in　Arizona；　near　the
Mexican　line；　with　the　ulterior　object　of　overrunning　Sonora；　and
revenging　the　tragedy　in　which　was　shed　some　of　the　best　blood　of
the　State。　The　appropriation　by　the　last　Congress　of　two　hundred
thousand　dollars　for　the　construction　of　a　wagon　road　from　El
Paso　to　Fort　Yuma；　and　the　two　mail　contracts；　semi…monthly　and
semi…weekly；　which　involve　an　expenditure　of　nine　hundred
thousand　dollars　per　annum；　will　afford　employment　to　a　host　of
people；　and　draw　at　once　to　the　neighborhood　of　the　route　an
active　and　energetic　population。　The　new　wagon　and　mail　route
traverses　the　Territory　of　Arizona　throughout　its　entire　length。
Along　the　mail　route；　at　intervals；　military　posts　will　be
established。　These　and　the　necessary　grazing　stations　will　create
points　around　which　settlements　will　at　once　grow　up；　and　the
country；　now　bare；　will　show　everywhere　thriving　villages。　The
Southern　Pacific　Railroad；　which　will　be　built　because　it　is
necessary　to　the　country；　will　find　its　way　easily　through
Arizona。

It　is　no　exaggeration　to　say　that　the　mining　companies；　in　their
own　interest；　will　be　forced　to　subscribe　enough　to　the　stock　of
the　company　to　insure　its　success。　The　Arizona　Copper　Mining
Company　is　now　paying　100　per　ton　for　the　transportation　of　its
ores　from　the　mines　to　Colorado　city。　One　year's　freight　money　at
this　rate　would　build　many　miles　of　the　road。　The　silver　mining
companies　will　be　only　too　glad　to　get　their　ores　to　market　at　so
cheap　a　rate；　as　their　proportion　of　the　subscription　to　the
railroad。　Iron　and　coal　are　both　found　in　the　Territory；the
former　especially　in　great　abundance。　Texas　has　guaranteed　the
road　to　El　Paso；　by　her　generous　legislation；　Arizona　will　build
it；　with　her　mineral　wealth；　to　Fort　Yuma；　the　eastern　boundary
of　California；　and　California　will　do　the　rest。　The　first
terminus　of　the　Southern　Pacific　Railroad　will　doubt　less　be　on
the　Gulf　of　California；　at　the　Island　of　Tiburon；　or　more
probably　Guyamas。　A　steam　ferry　across　the　Gulf；　a　short　railroad
across　the　peninsula　of　Lower　California　to　a　secure　harbor　on
the　Pacific；　（where　a　steamer　will　take　passengers　and　freight　in
four　days　to　San　Francisco；）　is　the　most　natural　course　of　this
route。　In　view　of　this　probability；　all　the　available　points　for
such　a　terminus　on　the　Gulf　have　been；　or　are　in　progress　of
being；　secured　by　capitalists；　either　by　obtaining　grants　from
the　Mexican　Government；　or　by　purchase　from　private　individuals。
Already　Guyamas　is　owned　in　great　part　by　English　and　American
capitalists。　A　port　on　the　Gulf　of　California　is　necessary　to　our
Pacific　possessions；　and　must　be　ours　sooner　or　later。　The　longer
it　is　delayed；　the　worse　for　American　progress　on　the　Pacific。
Arizona　needs　it　at　once；　as　a　depot　for　the　export　of　her　ores；
and　for　the　import　of　goods　for　the　supply　of　her　population。

The　Mormon　war　has　closed　for　years　the　great　emigrant　road　to
California　and　Oregon；　over　the　South　Pass　and　Salt　Lake　valley；
leaving　open　only　the　route　along　the　32d　parallel　of　latitude；
through　Arizona。　This　route　is　by　far　the　most　practicable　at　all
seasons　of　the　year；　and　the　closing　of　the　South　Pass　route　by
the　Mormon　difficulty　is　an　additional　and　urgent　argument　in
favor　of　the　early　organization　of　this　Territory。　Fifty　thousand
souls　will　move　towards　the　Pacific　early　in　the　spring；　if　the
route　is　opened　to　a　secure　passage。

The　present　condition　of　Arizona　Territory　is　deplorable　in　the
extreme。　Throughout　the　whole　country　there　is　no　redress　for
crimes　or　civil　injuries…﹏o　courts；　no　law；　no　magistrates。　The
Territory　of　New　Mexico；　to　which　it　is　attached　by　an　act　of
Congress；　affords　it　neither　protection　nor　sustenance。　The
following　extracts　from　letters　received　by　the　writer　tell　the
story　of　the　necessity　for　early　action　on　the　part　of　Congress；
in　urgent　terms。


TUBAC；　GADSDEN　PURCHASE；　August　15；　1857。

Affairs　in　the　Territory　have　not　improved。　A　party　of　Americans
（our　countrymen）　had　made　an　〃excursion〃　into　Sonora；　captured　a
train　of　mules；　and　killed　several　Mexicans。　Upon　their　return　to
the　Territory　with　their　ill…gotten　booty；　the　citizens　formed　a
company　and　took　the　property　away　from　them；　and　returned　it　to
the　owners　in　Magdalena；　＇a　town　of　Sonora┅Ed。＇　and　delivered
the　robbers　up　to　Major　Steen；　commanding　first　dragoons；　to　be
held　in　custody　until　Courts　should　be　organized。　They　have　again
been　turned　loose　upon　the　community。　In　justice　to　Major
Fitzgerald　I　must　say　he　was　in　favor　of　retaining　them　in
custody；　and　has　generally　maintained　favoring　law　and　order　in
the　Territory；　but　as　he　is　only　second