the origins of contemporary france-3-第84章

按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！



passage　in　the　Conciergerie　men　from　every　corner　of　the　republic

exclaimed　in　one　voice：　'It　is　the　same　in　all　the　communes！'〃　　Cf。

Durand…Maillane；　〃Mémoires；〃　67：　〃This　people；　thus　qualified；　since

the　suppression　of　the　silver　marc　has　been　the　most　vicious　and　most

depraved　in　the　community。〃　…　Dumouriez；　II。　51。　〃The　Jacobins；　taken

for　the　most　part；　from　the　most　abject　and　most　brutal　of　the　nation；

unable　to　furnish　men　of　sufficient　dignity　for　offices；　have　degraded

offices　to　their　own　level。　。　。　　They　are　drunken；　barbarous　Helots

that　have　taken　the　places　of　the　Spartans。〃　　The　sign　of　their

advent　is　the　expulsion　of　the　liberals　and　of　the　refined　of　1789。

（〃Archives　Nationales；〃　F7；　4434；　No。6。　Letter　of　Richard　to　the

committee　on　Public　Safety；　Vent？se　3；　year　II。）。　During　the

proconsulate　of　Baudot　at　Toulouse　〃almost　all　the　patriots　of　1789

were　excluded　from　the　popular　club　they　had　founded；　an　immense

number　were　admitted　whose　patriotism　reached　only　as　far　back　as　the

10th　of　August　1792；　if　it　even　went　so　far　as　the　31st　of　last　May。

It　is　an　established　fact　that　out　of　more　than　1；000　persons　who　now

compose　the　club　there　are　not　fifty　whose　patriotism　as　far　back　as

the　beginning　of　the　Revolution。〃



＇111＇　　Any　tribune　taking　command　of　a　mob　of　brutes　is　well　advised

to　understand　Taine's　analysis。　One　might　think　Hitler　had　read　Taine

pr　somebody　who　had　learned　from　his　wisdom；　somewhat　like　the　Devil

who　had　read　the　Bible。　See　page　208；　The　Secret　of　Ruling　the　Masses；

in　Rauschning's　book；　〃Hitler　Speaks〃。　（SR）。



＇112＇　R？derer；　〃Chronique　des　cinquante　jours。〃



＇113＇　Schmidt；　I。　246　（Dutard；　May　18）。



＇114＇　Schmidt；　I。　215　（Dutard；　May　25）。



＇115＇　Buchez　et　Roux；　XXV。　156　（extract　from　the　Patriote　Fran？ais；

March　30；　1793）。Speech　by　Chasles　at　the　Jacobin　Club；　March　27：　〃We

have　announced　to　our　fellow…citizens　in　the　country　that　by　means　of

the　war…tax　the　poor　could　be　fed　by　the　rich；　and　that　they　would

find　in　the　purses　of　those　egoists　the　wherewithal　to　live　on。〃

Ibid。；　269。　　Speech　by　Rose　Lacombe：　〃Let　us　make　sure　of　the

aristocrats；　let　us　force　them　to　meet　the　enemies　which　Dumouriez　is

bringing　against　Paris。　Let　us　give　them　to　understand　that　if　they

prove　treacherous　their　wives　and　children　shall　have　their　throats

cut；　and　that　we　will　burn　their　houses。　。　　　I　do　not　want　patriots　to

leave　the　city；　I　want　them　to　guard　Paris。　And　if　we　are　beaten；　the

first　man　who　hesitates　to　apply　the　torch；　let　him　be　stabbed　at

once。　　I　want　all　the　owners　of　property　who　have　grabbed　everything

and　excited　the　people's　anger；　to　kill　the　tyrants　themselves　or　else

be　killed。〃　＇Applause　　April　3。＇　…　Ibid。；　302　（in　the　Convention；

April　8）：　〃Marat　demands　that　100；000　relatives　and　friends　of　the

émigrés　be　seized　as　hostages　for　the　safety　of　the　commissioners　in

the　hands　of　the　enemy。〃　　Cf。　Balleydier；　117；　122。　At　Lyons；　Jan。

26；　1793；　Challier　addresses　the　central　club：　〃Sans…culottes；

rejoice！　the　blood　of　the　royal　tiger　has　flowed　in　sight　of　his　den！

But　full　justice　is　not　yet　done　to　the　people　　There　are　still　500

among　you　deserving　of　the　tyrant's　fate！　〃　　He　proposes　on　the　5th

of　February　a　revolutionary　tribunal　for　trying　arrested　persons　in　a

revolutionary　manner。　〃It　is　the　only　way　to　force　it　（the　Revolution）

on　royal　and　aristocratic　factionists；　the　only　rational　way　to　avenge

the　sovereignty　of　the　brave　sans…culottes；　who　belong　only　to　us。〃　　…

…　Hydens；　a　national　commissioner　adds：　〃Let　25；000；000　of　Frenchmen

perish　a　hundred　times　over　rather　than　one　single　indivisible

Republic！〃



＇116＇　Mallet　du　Pan；　the　last　expression。



＇117＇　Buzot；　64。



＇118＇　Michelet；　IV。　6　（according　to　an　oral　statement　by　Daunou）。　

Buchez　et　Roux；　101　（Letter　of　Louvet　to　Roland）：　〃At　the　moment　of

the　presentation　of　their　petition　against　armed　force　（departmental）

by　the　so…called　commissioners　of　the　48　sections　of　Paris；　I　heard

Santerre　say　in　a　loud　tone　to　those　around　him；　somewhat　in　these

words：　'You　see；　now；　these　deputies　are　not　up　to　the　Revolution。　。　。

That　all　comes　from　fifty；　a　hundred　two　hundred　leagues　off；　they

don't　understand　one　word　you　say！'〃







CHAPTER　IV。



PRECARIOUS　SITUATION　OF　A　CENTRAL　GOVERNMENT　LOCKED　UP　WITHIN　A　LOCAL

JURISDICTION。



　〃Citizen　Danton；〃　wrote　the　deputy　Thomas　Paine；＇1＇　〃the　danger；

every　day　increasing；　is　of　a　rupture　between　Paris　and　departments。

The　departments　did　not　send　their　deputies　to　Paris　to　be　insulted；

and　every　insult　shown　to　them　is　an　insult　to　the　department　that

elected　them。　I　see　but　one　effective　plan　to　prevent　this　rupture

taking　place；　and　that　is　to　fix　the　residence　of　the　Convention　and

of　the　future　assemblies　at　a　distance　from　Paris。　。　。　。　I　saw；　during

the　American　Revolution；　the　exceeding　inconvenience　that　arose　from

having　the　government　of　Congress　within　the　limits　of　any　municipal

jurisdiction。　Congress　first　resided　in　Philadelphia；　and；　after　a

residence　of　four　years；　it　found　it　necessary　to　leave　it。　It　then

adjourned　to　the　State　of　Jersey。　It　afterwards　removed　to　New　York。

It　again　removed　from　New　York　to　Philadelphia；　and；　after

experiencing　in　every　one　of　these　places　the　great　inconvenience　of　a

government　within　a　government；　it　formed　the　project　of　building　a

town　not　within　the　limits　of　any　municipal　jurisdiction　for　the

future　residence　of　Congress。　In　every　one　of　the　places　where

Congress　resided；　the　municipal　authority　privately　or　publicly

opposed　itself　to　the　authority　of　Congress；　and　the　people　of　each　of

those　places　expected　more　attention　from　Congress　than　their　equal

share　with　the　other　States　amounted　to。　The　same　thing　now　takes

place　in　France；　but　in　a　greater　excess。〃



Danton　knew　all　this；　and　he　is　sufficiently　clear…headed　to

comprehend　the　danger；　but　the　furrow　is　laid　out；　traced；　and　by

himself。　Since　the　10th　of　August　Paris　holds　France　down　while　a

handful　of　revolutionaries　tyrannize　Paris。＇2＇





I。



Jacobin　advantages。　　Their　sway　in　the　section　assemblies。　

Maintenance；　re…election　and　completion　of　the　Commune。　　Its　new

chiefs；　Chaumette；　Hébert　and　Pache。　　The　National　Guard　recast。　

Jacobins　elected　officers　and　sub…officers。　The　paid　band　of　roughs。

　Public　and　secret　funds　of　the　party。



Owing　to　the　composition　and　the　holding　of　the　section　assemblies；

the　original　　source　of　power　has　remained　Jacobin；　and　has　become　of

a　darker　and　darker　hue；　accordingly；　the　electoral　processes　which；

under　the　legislative　body；　had　fashioned　the　usurping　Commune　of　the

10th　of　August；　are　perpetuated　and　aggravated　under　the

Convention。＇3＇　〃In　nearly　all　the　sections＇4＇　it　is　the　sans…culottes

who　occupy　the　chair；　arrange　things　inside　the　chamber；　place　the

sentinels　and　provide　the　censors　and　auditors。　Five　or　six　spies；

familiar　with　the　section；　and　paid　forty　sous　a　day；　remain　during

the　session；　and　ready　to　undertake　any　enterprise。　These　same

individuals　will　take　orders　from　one　Committee　of　Surveillance　to

another；　。　。　so　that　if　the　sans…culottes　of　one　section　are　not

strong　enough　they　may　call　in　those　of　a　neighboring　section。〃　　In

such　assemblies　the　elections　are　decided　beforehand；　and　we　see　how

the　faction　keeps　forcibly　in　its　hands；　or　obtains　by　force；　every

elective　position。　The　Council　of　the　Commune；　in　spite　of　the　hostile

inclinations　of　the　Legislative　Assembly　and　the　Convention；　succeeds

at　first　in　maintaining　itself　four　months；　then；　in　December；＇5＇　when

it　is　at　last　compelled　to　break　up；　it　reappears　through　the

authorization　of　the　suffrage；　reinforced　and　completed　by　its　own

class；　with　three　chiefs；　a　syndic…attorney；　a　deputy　and　a　mayor；　all

three　authors　or　abettors　of　the　September　massacre；　with　Chaumette；

Anaxagoras；　so…called；　once　a　cabin…boy；　then　a　clerk；　always　in　debt；

a　windbag；　and　given　to　drink；　Hébert；　called　〃Père　Duchesne；〃　which

states　about　all　that　is　necessary　for　him；　Pache；　a　subaltern　busy…

body；　a　bland；　smooth…faced　intriguer；　who；　with　his　simple　air　and

seeming　worth；　pushes　himself　up　to　the　head　of　the　War　Department；

where　he　used　all　its　resources　for　pillaging；　and　who；　born　in　a

door…keeper's　lodgings；　returns　there；　either　through　craft　or

inclination；　to　take　his　dinner。　　The　Jacobins；　with　the　civil　power

in　their　hands；　also　grab　the　military　power。　Immediately　after　the

10th　of　August；＇6＇　the　National　Guard　is　reorganized　and　distributed

in　as　many　battalions　as　there　are　sections；　each　battalion　thus

becoming　〃a　section　in　arms〃；　by　this　we　may　judge　its　composition；

and　the　kind　of　rabble…rousers　they　select　as　officers　and　non…

commissioned　officers。　〃The　title　of　National　Guard；〃　writes　a　deputy；

〃can　no　longer　be　given　to　the　lot　of　pikemen　and　substitutes；　mixed

with　a　few　bourgeois；　who；　since　the　10th　of　August；　maintain　the

military　service　in　Paris。〃　There　are；　indeed；　110；000　names　on　paper；

when　called　out　on　important　occasions；　all　who　are　registered　may

respond；　if　not　disarmed；　but；　in　general；　almost　all　stay　at　home　and

pay　a　sans…culotte　to　mount　guard　in　their　place。　　In　fact；　there　is

for　the　daily　service　only　a　hired　reserve　in　each　section；　about　one

hundred　men；　always　the　same　individuals。　This　makes　in　Paris　a　band

of　four　or　five　thousand　roughs；　in　which　the　squads　may　be

distinguished　which　have　already　been　seen　in　September：　　Maillard　and

his　68　men　at　the　Abbaye；　Gauthier　and　his　40　men　at　Chantilly；

Audouin；　the　Sapper　of　the　Carmelites；〃　and　his　350　men　in　the　suburbs

of　Paris；　Fournier；　Lazowski　and　their　1；500　men　at　Orleans　and

Versailles。＇7＇　　As　to　the　pay　of　these　and　that　of　their　civil

auxiliaries；　the　faction　is　not　troubled　about　that；　for；　along　with

power；　it　has　seized　money。　To　say　nothing　of　its　rapine　in

September；＇8＇　and　without　including　the　lucrative　offices　at　its

disposition；　four　hundred　of　these　being　distributed　by　Pache　alone；

and　four　hundred　more　by　Chaumette；＇9＇　the　Commune　has　850；000　francs

per　month　for　its　military　police。　Other　bleedings　at　the　Treasury

cause　more　public　money　to　flow　into　the　pockets　of　its　clients。　　One

million　per　month　supports　the　idle　workmen　which　fife　and　drum　have

collected　together　to　form　the　camp　around　Paris。　　Five　millions　of

francs　protect　the　petty　tradesmen　of　the　capital　against　the

depreciation　in　value　of　certificates　of　credit。　Twelve　thousand

francs　a　day　keep　down　the　price　of　bread　for　the　Paris　poor。＇10＇　　To

these　regularly　allowed　subsidies　add　the　funds　which　are　diverted　or

extorted。　　On　one　side；　in　the　War　Department；　Pache；　its　accomplice

before　becoming　its　mayor；　organizes　a　steady　stream　of　waste　and

theft；　in　three　months　he　succeeds　in　bringing　about　a　deficiency　of

130；000；000；　〃without　voucher