the origins of contemporary france-3-第34章

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of　〃bourgeois　aristocracy。〃　Sometimes；　as　at　Brest；＇59＇　they

shamefully　disobey　orders　which　are　perfectly　legal　and　proper；　often

repeated　and　strictly　formal；　afterward；　still　more　shamefully；　they

demand　of　the　Minister　if；　〃placed　in　the　cruel　alternative　of　giving

offense　to　the　hierarchy　of　powers；　or　of　leaving　the　commonwealth　in

danger；　they　ought　to　hesitate。〃　　Sometimes；　as　at　Arras；　they　impose

themselves　illegally　on　the　Directory　in　session　and　browbeat　it　so

insolently　as　to　make　it　a　point　of　honor　with　the　latter　to　solicit

its　own　suspension。＇60＇　Sometimes；　as　a　Figeac；　they　summon　an

administrator　to　their　bar；　keep　him　standing　three…quarters　of　an

hour；　seize　his　papers　and　oblige　him；　for　fear　of　something　worse；　to

leave　the　town。＇61＇　　Sometimes；　as　at　Auch；　they　invade　the

Directory's　chambers；　seize　the　administrators　by　the　throat；　pound

them　with　their　fists　and　clubs；　drag　the　president　by　the　hair；　and；

after　a　good　deal　of　trouble；　grant　him　his　life。＇62＇　　On　the　other

hand；　the　gendarmerie　and　the　troops　brought　for　the　suppression　of

riots；　are　always　in　the　way　of　those　who　stir　up　the　rioters。

Consequently；　they　expel；　corrupt　and；　especially　purify　the

gendarmerie　together　with　the　troops。　At　Cahors　they　drive　out　a

sergeant　of　the　gendarmerie；　〃alleging　that　he　keeps　company　with　none

but　aristocrats。〃＇63＇　At　Toulouse；　without　mentioning　the　lieutenant…

colonel；　whose　life　they　threaten　by　anonymous　letters　and　oblige　to

leave　the　town；　they　transfer　the　whole　corps　to　another　district

under　the　pretense　that　〃its　principles　are　adverse　to　the

Constitution。〃＇64＇　At　Auch；　and　at　Rennes；　through　the　insubordination

which　they　provoke　among　the　men；　they　exhort　resignations　from　their

officers。　At　Perpignan；　by　means　of　a　riot　which　they　foment；　they

seize；　beat　and　drag　to　prison；　the　commandant　and　staff　whom　they

accuse　〃of　wanting　to　bombard　the　town　with　five　pounds　of

powder。〃＇65＇…　Meanwhile；　through　the　jacquerie；　which　they　let　loose

from　the　Dordogne　to　Aveyron；　from　Cantal　to　the　Pyrenees　and　the　Var；

under　the　pretence　of　punishing　the　relatives　of　émigrés　and　the

abettors　of　unsworn　priests；　they　create　an　army　of　their　own　made　up

of　robbers　and　the　destitute　who；　in　anticipation　of　the　exploits　of

the　coming　revolutionary　army；　freely　kill；　burn；　pillage；　hold　to

ransom　and　prey　at　large　on　the　defenseless　flock　of　proprietors　of

every　class　and　degree。＇66＇



In　this　operation　each　club　has　its　neighbors　for　allies；　offering　to

them　or　receiving　from　them　offers　of　men　and　money。　That　of　Caen

tenders　its　assistance　to　the　Bayeux　association　for　expelling　unsworn

priests；　and　to　help　the　patriots　of　the　place　　〃to　rid　themselves　of

the　tyranny　of　their　administrators。〃＇67＇　That　of　Besan？on　declares

the　three　administrative　bodies　of　Strasbourg　〃unworthy　of　the

confidence　with　which　they　have　been　honored；〃　and　openly　enters　into

a　league　with　all　the　clubs　of　the　Upper　and　Lower　Rhine；　to　set　free

a　Jacobin　arrested　as　a　fomenter　of　insurrections。＇68＇　Those　of　the

Puy…de…D？me　and　neighboring　departments　depute　to　and　establish　at

Clermont　a　central　club　of　direction　and　propaganda。＇69＇　Those　of　the

Bouches…du…Rh？ne　treat　with　the　commissioners　of　the　departments　of

Dr？me；　Gard；　and　Hérault；　to　watch　the　Spanish　frontier；　and　send

delegates　of　their　own　to　see　the　state　of　the　fortifications　of

Figuières。＇70＇　　There　is　no　recourse　to　the　criminal　tribunals。　In

forty　departments；　these　are　not　yet　installed；　in　the　forty…three

others；　they　are　cowed；　silent；　or　lack　money　and　men　to　enforce　their

decisions。＇71＇



Such　is　the　foundation　of　the　Jacobin　State；　a　confederation　of　twelve

hundred　oligarchies；　which　maneuver　their　proletariat　clients　in

obedience　to　the　word　of　command　dispatched　from　Paris。　It　is　a

complete；　organized；　active　State；　with　its　central　government；　its

active　force；　its　official　journal；　its　regular　correspondence；　its

declared　policy；　its　established　authority；　and　its　representative　and

local　agents；　the　latter　are　actual　administrators　alongside　of

administrations　which　are　abolished；　or　athwart　administrations　which

are　brought　under　subjection。　　　In　vain　do　the　latest　ministers；

good　clerks　and　honest　men；　try　to　fulfill　their　duties；　their

injunctions　and　remonstrances　are　only　so　much　waste　paper。＇72＇　They

resign　in　despair；　declaring　that；



　〃in　this　overthrow　of　all　order；　。　。　。　　in　the　present　weakness　of

the　public　forces；　and　in　the　degradation　of　the　constituted

authorities；　。　。　。　it　is　impossible　for　them　to　maintain　the　life　and

energy　of　the　vast　body；　the　members　of　which　are　paralyzed。〃　…



　When　the　roots　of　a　tree　are　laid　bare；　it　is　easy　to　cut　it　down；

now　that　the　Jacobins　have　severed　them；　a　push　on　the　trunk　suffices

to　bring　the　tree　to　the　ground。

______________________________________________________________________



NOTES：







＇1＇　De　Loménie；　〃Les　Mirabeaus；〃　I。　11。　（Letter　of　the　Marquis　de

Mirabeau）。



＇2＇　〃　Archives　Nationales；〃　F7；　7171；　No。　7915。　Report　on　the

situation　in　Marseilles；　by　Miollis；　commissioner　of　the　Directory　in

the　department；　year　V。　Niv？se　15。　〃A　good　many　strangers　from　France

and　Italy　are　attracted　there　by　the　lust　of　gain；　a　love　of　pleasure；

the　want　of　work；　a　desire　to　escape　from　the　effects　of　ill　conduct　。

。　。　Individuals　of　both　sexes　and　of　every　age；　with　no　ties　of

country　or　kindred；　with　no　profession；　no　opinions；　pressed　by　daily

necessities　that　are　multiplied　by　debauched　habit；　seeking　to　indulge

these　without　too　much　effort；　the　means　for　this　being　formerly　found

in　the　many　manual　operations　of　commerce；　gone　astray　during　the

Revolution　and；　subsequently；　scared　of　the　dominant　party；　accustomed

unfortunately　at　that　time　to　receiving　pay　for　taking　part　in

political　strife；　and　now　reduced　to　living　on　almost　gratuitous

distributions　of　food；　to　dealing　in　small　wares；　to　the　menial

occupations　which　chance　rarely　presents　　in　short；　to　swindling。

Such　is　what　the　observer　finds　in　that　portion　of　the　population　of

Marseilles　most　in　sight；　eager　to　profit　by　whatever　occurs；　easily

won　over；　active　through　its　necessities；　flocking　everywhere；　and

appearing　very　numerous　。　。　。　The　patriot　Escalon　had　twenty　rations　a

day；　Féri；　the　journalist；　had　six；　etc。　。　　。　Civil　officers　and

district　commissioners　still　belong；　for　the　most　part；　to　that　class

of　men　which　the　Revolution　had　accustomed　to　live　without　work；　to

making　those　who　shared　their　principles　the　beneficiaries　of　the

nation's　favors；　and　finally；　to　receiving　contributions　from　gambling

halls　and　brothels。　These　commissioners　give　notice　to　their　protégés；

even　the　crooks；　when　warrants　against　them　are　to　be　enforced。〃



＇3＇　Blanc…Gilly；　〃Réveil　d'alarme　d'un　député　de　Marseilles〃　（cited　in

the　Memoirs〃　of　Barbaroux；　40；　41）。　Blanc…Gilly　must　have　been

acquainted　with　these　characters；　inasmuch　as　he　made　use　of　them　in

the　August　riot；　1789；　and　for　which　he　was　indicted。　…　Cf。　Fabre

〃Histoire　de　Marseilles；〃　II。　422。



＇4＇　〃Archives　Nationales；〃　F7；　3197。　Correspondence　of　Messrs。

Debourge；　Gay；　and　Lafitte；　commissioners　sent　to　Provence　to　restore

order　in　accordance　with　an　act　of　the　National　Assembly。　Letter　of

May　10；　1791。　Letter　of　May　10。　1791；　and　passim。



＇5＇　Mayor　Martin；　says　Juste；　was　a　sort　of　Pétion；　weak　and　vain。　

Barbaroux；　clerk　of　the　municipality；　is　the　principal　opponent　of　M。

Lieutaud。　…　The　municipal　decree　referred　to　is　dated　Sept。　10；　1790。



＇6＇　〃Archives　Nationales；〃　F7；　3197。　Letters　of　three　commissioners；

April　13；　17；　18；　and　May　10；　1791。



＇7＇　Blanc…Gilly；　〃Réveil　d'Alarme。〃　Ibid。；　〃Every　time　that　the

national　guard　marched　outside　the　city　walls；　the　horde　of　homeless

brigands　never　failed　to　close　up　in　their　rear　and　carry　devastation

wherever　they　went。〃



＇8＇　〃Archives　Nationales；〃　F7；　3197。　Correspondence　of　the　three

commissioners；　letter　of　May　10；1791。　〃The　municipality　of　Marseilles

obeys　only　the　decrees　it　pleases；　and　for　eighteen　months　has　not

paid　a　cent　into　the　city　treasury。…Proclamation　of　April　13。　…

Letters　of　April　13　and　18。



＇9＇　〃Archives　Nationales；〃　letter　of　the　municipal　officers　of

Marseilles　to　the　minister；　June　11；　1791。　　They　demand　the　recall

of　the　three　commissioners；　one　of　their　arguments　being　as　follows：

〃In　China；　every　mandarin　against　whom　public　opinion　is　excited　is

dismissed　　from　his　place；　he　is　regarded　as　an　ignorant　instructor；

who　is　incapable　of　gaining　the　love　of　children　for　their　parent。〃



＇10＇　〃Archives　Nationales；〃　letter　of　the　commissioners；　May　25；　1791。

〃It　is　evident；　on　recording　the　proceedings　at　Aix　and　Marseilles；

that　only　the　accusers　and　the　judges　were　guilty。〃　　Petition　of　the

prisoners；　Feb。　1。　〃The　municipality；　in　despair　of　our　innocence　and

not　knowing　how　to　justify　its　conduct；　is　trying　to　buy　up　witnesses。

They　say　openly　that　it　is　better　to　sacrifice　one　innocent　man　than

disgrace　a　whole　body。　Such　ale　the　speeches　of　the　sieur　Rebecqui；

leading　man；　and　of　Madame　Elliou；　wife　of　a　municipal　officer；　in　the

house　of　the　sieur　Rousset。〃



＇11＇　Letter　of　M。　Lieutaud　to　the　commissioners；　May　11　and　18；　1791。

〃If　I　have　not　　fallen　under　the　assassin's　dagger　I　owe　my

preservation　to　your　strict　orders　and　to　the　good　behavior　of　the

national　guard　and　the　regular　troops　。　。　。　At　the　hearing　of　the　case

today；　the　prosecutor　on　the　part　of　the　commune　ventured　to　threaten


the　court　with　popular　opinion　and　its　avenging　fury。　。　。　The　people；

stirred　up　against　us；　and　brought　there；　shouted；　'Let　us　seize

Lieutaud　and　take　him　there　by　force　and　if　he　will　not　go　up　the

steps；　we　will　cut　his　head　off！'　　The　hall　leading　to　the　courtroom

and　the　stairways　were　filled　with　barefooted　vagabonds。〃　Letter　of

Cabrol；　commander　of　the　national　guard；　and　of　the　municipal　officers

to　the　commissioners；　May　21。　That　picket…guard　of　fifty　men　on　the

great　square；　is　it　not　rather　the　cause　of　a　riot　than　the　means　of

preventing　one？　A　requisition　to　send　four　national　guards　inside　the

prison；　to　remain　there　day　and　night；　is　it　not　insulting　citizen

soldiers；　whose　function　it　is　to　see　that　the　laws　are　maintained；

and　not　to　do　jail　duty？〃



＇12＇　Letter　of　M。　d'Olivier；　lieutenant…colonel　of　the　Ernest

regiment；　May　28。　　Extracts　from　the　papers　of　the　secretary　to　the

municipality；　May　28　（Barbaroux　is　the　clerk）。　…　Letter　of　the

commissions；　May　29



＇13＇　Letter　of　the　commissioners；　June　29。



＇14＇　Letter　of　M。　Laroque…Dourdan；　naval　commander　at　Marseilles；　Oct。

18；　1791。　（in　relation　to　the　departure　of　the　Swiss　regiment）。



＇15＇　The　elections　are　held　on　the　13th　of　November；　1791。　Martin；　the

former　mayor；　showed　timidity；　and　Mouraille　was　elected