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the formation of vegetable mould-第32章

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since; in autumn; I laid lime on an oat…stubble and ploughed it 
down; thus bringing it into immediate contact with the dead 
vegetable matter; and securing its thorough mixture through the 
means of all the subsequent operations of fallow。  In consequence 
of the above prejudice; I was considered to have committed a great 
fault; but the result was eminently successful; and the practice 
was partially followed。  By means of Mr。 Darwin's observations; I 
think the prejudice will be removed。〃

{49}  This conclusion; which; as we shall immediately see; is fully 
justified; is of some little importance; as the so…called bench…
stones; which surveyors fix in the ground as a record of their 
levels; may in time become false standards。  My son Horace intends 
at some future period to ascertain how far this has occurred。

{50}  Mr。 R。 Mallet remarks ('Quarterly Journal of Geolog。 Soc。' 
vol。 xxxiii。; 1877; p。 745) that 〃the extent to which the ground 
beneath the foundations of ponderous architectural structures; such 
as cathedral towers; has been known to become compressed; is as 
remarkable as it is instructive and curious。  The amount of 
depression in some cases may be measured by feet。〃  He instances 
the Tower of Pisa; but adds that it was founded on 〃dense clay。〃

{51}  'Zeitschrift fur wissensch。 Zoolog。' Bd。 xxviii。; 1877; p。 
360。

{52}  See Mr。 Dancer's paper in 'Proc。 Phil。 Soc。 of Manchester;' 
1877; p。 248。

{53}  'Lecons de Geologie pratique;' 1845; p。 142。

{54}  A short account of this discovery was published in 'The 
Times' of January 2; 1878; and a fuller account in 'The Builder;' 
January 5; 1878。

{55}  Several accounts of these ruins have been published; the best 
is by Mr。 James Farrer in 'Proc。 Soc。 of Antiquaries of Scotland;' 
vol。 vi。; Part II。; 1867; p。 278。  Also J。 W。 Grover; 'Journal of 
the British Arch。 Assoc。' June 1866。  Professor Buckman has 
likewise published a pamphlet; 'Notes on the Roman Villa at 
Chedworth;' 2nd edit。 1873 Cirencester。

{56}  These details are taken from the 'Penny Cyclopaedia;' article 
Hampshire。

{57}  〃On the denudation of South Wales;〃 &c。; 'Memoirs of the 
Geological Survey of Great Britain;' vol。 1。; p。 297; 1846。

{58}  'Geological Magazine;' October and November; 1867; vol。  iv。  
pp。  447 and 483。  Copious references on the subject are given in 
this remarkable memoir。

{59}  A。 Tylor 〃On changes of the sea…level;〃 &c。; ' Philosophical 
Mag。' (Ser。 4th) vol。 v。; 1853; p。 258。  Archibald Geikie; 
Transactions Geolog。 Soc。 of Glasgow; vol。 iii。; p。 153 (read 
March; 1868)。  Croll 〃On Geological Time;〃 'Philosophical Mag。;' 
May; August; and November; 1868。  See also Croll; 'Climate and 
Time;' 1875; Chap。 XX。  For some recent information on the amount 
of sediment brought down by rivers; see 'Nature;' Sept。  23rd; 
1880。  Mr。 T。 Mellard Reade has published some interesting articles 
on the astonishing amount of matter brought down in solution by 
rivers。  See Address; Geolog。 Soc。; Liverpool; 1876…77。

{60}  〃An account of the fine dust which often falls on Vessels in 
the Atlantic Ocean;〃 Proc。 Geolog。 Soc。 of London; June 4th; 1845。

{61}  For La Plata; see my 'Journal of Researches;' during the 
voyage of the Beagle; 1845; p。 133。  Elie de Beaumont has given 
('Lecons de Geolog。 pratique;' tom。 I。 1845; p。 183) an excellent 
account of the enormous quantity of dust which is transported in 
some countries。  I cannot but think that Mr。 Proctor has somewhat 
exaggerated ('Pleasant Ways in Science;' 1879; p。 379) the agency 
of dust in a humid country like Great Britain。  James Geikie has 
given ('Prehistoric Europe;' 1880; p。 165) a full abstract of 
Richthofen's views; which; however; he disputes。

{62}  These statements are taken from Hensen in 'Zeitschrift fur 
wissenschaft。 Zoologie。' Bd。 xxviii。; 1877; p。 360。  Those with 
respect to peat are taken from Mr。 A。 A。 Julien in 'Proc。 American 
Assoc。 Science;' 1879; p。 354。

{63}  I have given some facts on the climate necessary or 
favourable for the formation of peat; in my 'Journal of 
Researches;' 1845; p。 287。

{64}  A。 A。 Julien 〃On the Geological action of the Humus…acids;〃 
'Proc。 American Assoc。 Science;' vol。  xxviii。; 1879; p。 311。  Also 
on 〃Chemical erosion on Mountain Summits;〃 'New York Academy of 
Sciences;' Oct。 14; 1878; as quoted in the 'American Naturalist。'  
See also; on this subject; S。 W。 Johnson; 'How Crops Feed;' 1870; 
p。 138。

{65}  See; for references on this subject; S。 W。 Johnson; 'How 
Crops Feed;' 1870; p。 326。

{66}  This statement is taken from Mr。 Julien; 'Proc。 American 
Assoc。 Science;' vol。  xxviii。; 1879; p。 330。

{67}  The preservative power of a layer of mould and turf is often 
shown by the perfect state of the glacial scratches on rocks when 
first uncovered。  Mr。 J。 Geikie maintains; in his last very 
interesting work ('Prehistoric Europe;' 1881); that the more 
perfect scratches are probably due to the last access of cold and 
increase of ice; during the long…continued; intermittent glacial 
period。

{68}  Many geologists have felt much surprise at the complete 
disappearance of flints over wide and nearly level areas; from 
which the chalk has been removed by subaerial denudation。  But the 
surface of every flint is coated by an opaque modified layer; which 
will just yield to a steel point; whilst the freshly fractured; 
translucent surface will not thus yield。  The removal by 
atmospheric agencies of the outer modified surfaces of freely 
exposed flints; though no doubt excessively slow; together with the 
modification travelling inwards; will; as may be suspected; 
ultimately lead to their complete disintegration; notwithstanding 
that they appear to be so extremely durable。

{69}  'Archives de Zoolog。 exper。' tom。 iii。 1874; p。 409。

{70}  'Nouvelles Archives du Museum;' tom。 viii。 1872; pp。  95; 
131。

{71}  Morren; in speaking of the earth in the alimentary canals of 
worms; says; 〃praesepe cum lapillis commixtam vidi:〃 'De Lumbrici 
terrestris Hist。 Nat。' &c。; 1829; p。 16。

{72}  Perrier; 'Archives de Zoolog。 exper。' tom。 iii。 1874; p。 419。

{73}  Morren; 'De Lumbrici terrestris Hist。 Nat。' &c。; p。 16。

{74}  'Archives de Zoolog。 exper。' tom。 iii。 1874; p。 418。

{75}  This conclusion reminds me of the vast amount of extremely 
fine chalky mud which is found within the lagoons of many atolls; 
where the sea is tranquil and waves cannot triturate the blocks of 
coral。  This mud must; as I believe ('The Structure and 
Distribution of Coral…Reefs;' 2nd edit。 1874; p。 19); be attributed 
to the innumerable annelids and other animals which burrow into the 
dead coral; and to the fishes; Holothurians; &c。; which browse on 
the living corals。

{76}  Anniversary Address:  'The Quarterly Journal of the 
Geological Soc。' May 1880; p。 59。

{77}  Mr。 James Wallace has pointed out that it is necessary to 
take into consideration the possibility of burrows being made at 
right angles to the surface instead of vertically down; in which 
case the lateral displacement of the soil would be increased。

{78}  'Elements of Geology;' 1865; p。 20。

{79}  'Lecons de Geologie pratique; 1845; cinquieme Lecon。  All 
Elie de Beaumont's arguments are admirably controverted by Prof。 A。 
Geikie in his essay in Transact。 Geolog。 Soc。 of Glasgow; vol。 iii。 
p。 153; 1868。

{80}  'Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory of the Earth;' p。 107。

{81}  Mr。 E。 Tylor in his Presidential address ('Journal of the 
Anthropological Institute;' May 1880; p。 451) remarks:  〃It appears 
from several papers of the Berlin Society as to the German 'high…
fields' or 'heathen…fields' (Hochacker; and Heidenacker) that they 
correspond much in their situation on hills and wastes with the 
'elf…furrows' of Scotland; which popular mythology accounts for by 
the story of the fields having been put under a Papal interdict; so 
that people took to cultivating the hills。  There seems reason to 
suppose that; like the tilled plots in the Swedish forest which 
tradition ascribes to the old 'hackers;' the German heathen…fields 
represent tillage by an ancient and barbaric population。〃

{82}  White of Selborne has some good remarks on the service 
performed by worms in loosening; &c。; the soil。  Edit; by L。 
Jenyns; 1843; p。 281。

{83}  'Zeitschrift fur wissenschaft。 Zoolog。' B。 xxviii。 1877; p。 
360。





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