°®°®Ð¡ËµÍø > ÆäËûµç×ÓÊé > the formation of vegetable mould >

µÚ22ÕÂ

the formation of vegetable mould-µÚ22ÕÂ

С˵£º the formation of vegetable mould ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ3500×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡



and¡¡it¡¡was¡¡destroyed£»¡¡according¡¡to¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Wright£»¡¡probably¡¡between¡¡the¡¡
middle¡¡of¡¡the¡¡fourth¡¡and¡¡fifth¡¡century¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡inhabitants¡¡were¡¡
massacred£»¡¡and¡¡skeletons¡¡of¡¡women¡¡were¡¡found¡¡in¡¡the¡¡hypocausts¡£¡¡¡¡
Before¡¡the¡¡year¡¡1859£»¡¡the¡¡sole¡¡remnant¡¡of¡¡the¡¡city¡¡above¡¡ground£»¡¡
was¡¡a¡¡portion¡¡of¡¡a¡¡massive¡¡wall¡¡about¡¡20¡¡ft¡£¡¡in¡¡height¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡
surrounding¡¡land¡¡undulates¡¡slightly£»¡¡and¡¡has¡¡long¡¡been¡¡under¡¡
cultivation¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡had¡¡been¡¡noticed¡¡that¡¡the¡¡corn¡­crops¡¡ripened¡¡
prematurely¡¡in¡¡certain¡¡narrow¡¡lines£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡the¡¡snow¡¡remained¡¡
unmelted¡¡in¡¡certain¡¡places¡¡longer¡¡than¡¡in¡¡others¡£¡¡¡¡These¡¡
appearances¡¡led£»¡¡as¡¡I¡¡was¡¡informed£»¡¡to¡¡extensive¡¡excavations¡¡being¡¡
undertaken¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡foundations¡¡of¡¡many¡¡large¡¡buildings¡¡and¡¡several¡¡
streets¡¡have¡¡thus¡¡been¡¡exposed¡¡to¡¡view¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡space¡¡enclosed¡¡within¡¡
the¡¡old¡¡walls¡¡is¡¡an¡¡irregular¡¡oval£»¡¡about¡¡1¡¡mile¡¡in¡¡length¡£¡¡¡¡Many¡¡
of¡¡the¡¡stones¡¡or¡¡bricks¡¡used¡¡in¡¡the¡¡buildings¡¡must¡¡have¡¡been¡¡
carried¡¡away£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡hypocausts£»¡¡baths£»¡¡and¡¡other¡¡underground¡¡
buildings¡¡were¡¡found¡¡tolerably¡¡perfect£»¡¡being¡¡filled¡¡with¡¡stones£»¡¡
broken¡¡tiles£»¡¡rubbish¡¡and¡¡soil¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡old¡¡floors¡¡of¡¡various¡¡rooms¡¡
were¡¡covered¡¡with¡¡rubble¡£¡¡¡¡As¡¡I¡¡was¡¡anxious¡¡to¡¡know¡¡how¡¡thick¡¡the¡¡
mantle¡¡of¡¡mould¡¡and¡¡rubbish¡¡was£»¡¡which¡¡had¡¡so¡¡long¡¡concealed¡¡these¡¡
ruins£»¡¡I¡¡applied¡¡to¡¡Dr¡£¡¡H¡£¡¡Johnson£»¡¡who¡¡had¡¡superintended¡¡the¡¡
excavations£»¡¡and¡¡he£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡greatest¡¡kindness£»¡¡twice¡¡visited¡¡the¡¡
place¡¡to¡¡examine¡¡it¡¡in¡¡reference¡¡to¡¡my¡¡questions£»¡¡and¡¡had¡¡many¡¡
trenches¡¡dug¡¡in¡¡four¡¡fields¡¡which¡¡had¡¡hitherto¡¡been¡¡undisturbed¡£¡¡¡¡
The¡¡results¡¡of¡¡his¡¡observations¡¡are¡¡given¡¡in¡¡the¡¡following¡¡Table¡£¡¡¡¡
He¡¡also¡¡sent¡¡me¡¡specimens¡¡of¡¡the¡¡mould£»¡¡and¡¡answered£»¡¡as¡¡far¡¡as¡¡he¡¡
could£»¡¡all¡¡my¡¡questions¡£


MEASUREMENTS¡¡BY¡¡DR¡£¡¡H¡£¡¡JOHNSON¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡THICKNESS¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡VEGETABLE¡¡
MOULD¡¡OVER¡¡THE¡¡ROMAN¡¡RUINS¡¡AT¡¡WROXETER¡£


Trenches¡¡dug¡¡in¡¡a¡¡field¡¡called¡¡¡¨Old¡¡Works¡£¡¨

£¨Thickness¡¡of¡¡mould¡¡in¡¡inches¡¡shown¡¡in¡¡parenthesisDP¡££©

1¡£¡¡¡¡At¡¡a¡¡depth¡¡of¡¡36¡¡inches¡¡undisturbed¡¡sand¡¡was¡¡reached¡¡£¨20£©

2¡£¡¡¡¡At¡¡a¡¡depth¡¡of¡¡33¡¡inches¡¡concrete¡¡was¡¡reached¡¡£¨21£©

3¡£¡¡At¡¡a¡¡depth¡¡of¡¡9¡¡inches¡¡concrete¡¡was¡¡reached¡¡£¨9£©

Trenches¡¡dug¡¡in¡¡a¡¡field¡¡called¡¡¡¨Shop¡¡Leasows£»¡¨¡¡this¡¡is¡¡the¡¡highest¡¡
field¡¡within¡¡the¡¡old¡¡walls£»¡¡and¡¡slopes¡¡down¡¡from¡¡a¡¡sub¡­central¡¡
point¡¡on¡¡all¡¡sides¡¡at¡¡about¡¡an¡¡angle¡¡of¡¡2¡¡degrees¡£

4¡£¡¡¡¡Summit¡¡of¡¡field£»¡¡trench¡¡45¡¡inches¡¡deep¡¡£¨40£©

5¡£¡¡¡¡Close¡¡to¡¡summit¡¡of¡¡field£»¡¡trench¡¡36¡¡inches¡¡deep¡¡£¨26£©

6¡£¡¡¡¡Close¡¡to¡¡summit¡¡of¡¡field£»¡¡trench¡¡28¡¡inches¡¡deep¡¡£¨28£©

7¡£¡¡¡¡Near¡¡summit¡¡of¡¡field£»¡¡trench¡¡36¡¡inches¡¡deep¡¡£¨24£©

8¡£¡¡¡¡Near¡¡summit¡¡of¡¡field£»¡¡trench¡¡at¡¡one¡¡end¡¡39¡¡inches¡¡deep£»¡¡the¡¡
mould¡¡here¡¡graduated¡¡into¡¡the¡¡underlying¡¡undisturbed¡¡sand£»¡¡and¡¡its¡¡
thickness¡¡£¨24¡¡inches£©¡¡is¡¡somewhat¡¡arbitrary¡£¡¡¡¡At¡¡the¡¡other¡¡end¡¡of¡¡
the¡¡trench£»¡¡a¡¡causeway¡¡was¡¡encountered¡¡at¡¡a¡¡depth¡¡of¡¡only¡¡7¡¡inches£»¡¡
and¡¡the¡¡mould¡¡was¡¡here¡¡only¡¡7¡¡inches¡¡thick¡¡£¨24£©

9¡£¡¡¡¡Trench¡¡close¡¡to¡¡the¡¡last£»¡¡28¡¡inches¡¡in¡¡depth¡¡£¨24£©

10¡£¡¡¡¡Lower¡¡part¡¡of¡¡same¡¡field£»¡¡trench¡¡30¡¡inches¡¡deep¡¡£¨15£©

11¡£¡¡¡¡Lower¡¡part¡¡of¡¡same¡¡field£»¡¡trench¡¡31¡¡inches¡¡deep¡¡£¨17£©

12¡£¡¡¡¡Lower¡¡part¡¡of¡¡same¡¡field£»¡¡trench¡¡36¡¡inches¡¡deep£»¡¡at¡¡which¡¡
depth¡¡undisturbed¡¡sand¡¡was¡¡reached¡¡£¨28£©

13¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡another¡¡part¡¡of¡¡same¡¡field£»¡¡trench¡¡9¡£5¡¡inches¡¡deep¡¡stopped¡¡
by¡¡concrete¡¡£¨9¡£5£©

14¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡another¡¡part¡¡of¡¡same¡¡field£»¡¡trench¡¡9¡¡inches¡¡deep£»¡¡stopped¡¡
by¡¡concrete¡¡£¨9£©

15¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡another¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡same¡¡field£»¡¡trench¡¡24¡¡inches¡¡deep£»¡¡when¡¡
sand¡¡was¡¡reached¡¡£¨16£©

16¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡another¡¡part¡¡of¡¡same¡¡field£»¡¡trench¡¡30¡¡inches¡¡deep£»¡¡when¡¡
stones¡¡were¡¡reached£»¡¡at¡¡one¡¡end¡¡of¡¡the¡¡trench¡¡mould¡¡12¡¡inches£»¡¡at¡¡
the¡¡other¡¡end¡¡14¡¡inches¡¡thick¡¡£¨13£©

Small¡¡field¡¡between¡¡¡¨Old¡¡Works¡¨¡¡and¡¡¡¨Shop¡¡Leasows£»¡¨¡¡I¡¡believe¡¡
nearly¡¡as¡¡high¡¡as¡¡the¡¡upper¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡latter¡¡field¡£

17¡£¡¡¡¡Trench¡¡26¡¡inches¡¡deep¡¡£¨24£©

18¡£¡¡¡¡Trench¡¡10¡¡inches¡¡deep£»¡¡and¡¡then¡¡came¡¡upon¡¡a¡¡causeway¡¡£¨10£©

19¡£¡¡¡¡Trench¡¡34¡¡inches¡¡deep¡¡£¨30£©

20¡£¡¡Trench¡¡31¡¡inches¡¡deep¡¡£¨31£©

Field¡¡on¡¡the¡¡western¡¡side¡¡of¡¡the¡¡space¡¡enclosed¡¡within¡¡the¡¡old¡¡
walls¡£

21¡£¡¡¡¡Trench¡¡28¡¡inches¡¡deep£»¡¡when¡¡undisturbed¡¡sand¡¡was¡¡reached¡¡£¨16£©

22¡£¡¡¡¡Trench¡¡29¡¡inches¡¡deep£»¡¡when¡¡undisturbed¡¡sand¡¡was¡¡reached¡¡£¨15£©

23¡£¡¡¡¡Trench¡¡14¡¡inches¡¡deep£»¡¡and¡¡then¡¡came¡¡upon¡¡a¡¡building¡¡£¨14£©


Dr¡£¡¡Johnson¡¡distinguished¡¡as¡¡mould¡¡the¡¡earth¡¡which¡¡differed£»¡¡more¡¡
or¡¡less¡¡abruptly£»¡¡in¡¡its¡¡dark¡¡colour¡¡and¡¡in¡¡its¡¡texture¡¡from¡¡the¡¡
underlying¡¡sand¡¡or¡¡rubble¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡the¡¡specimens¡¡sent¡¡to¡¡me£»¡¡the¡¡mould¡¡
resembled¡¡that¡¡which¡¡lies¡¡immediately¡¡beneath¡¡the¡¡turf¡¡in¡¡old¡¡
pasture¡­land£»¡¡excepting¡¡that¡¡it¡¡often¡¡contained¡¡small¡¡stones£»¡¡too¡¡
large¡¡to¡¡have¡¡passed¡¡through¡¡the¡¡bodies¡¡of¡¡worms¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡the¡¡trenches¡¡
above¡¡described¡¡were¡¡dug¡¡in¡¡fields£»¡¡none¡¡of¡¡which¡¡were¡¡in¡¡pasture£»¡¡
and¡¡all¡¡had¡¡been¡¡long¡¡cultivated¡£¡¡¡¡Bearing¡¡in¡¡mind¡¡the¡¡remarks¡¡made¡¡
in¡¡reference¡¡to¡¡Silchester¡¡on¡¡the¡¡effects¡¡of¡¡long¡­continued¡¡
culture£»¡¡combined¡¡with¡¡the¡¡action¡¡of¡¡worms¡¡in¡¡bringing¡¡up¡¡the¡¡finer¡¡
particles¡¡to¡¡the¡¡surface£»¡¡the¡¡mould£»¡¡as¡¡so¡¡designated¡¡by¡¡Dr¡£¡¡
Johnson£»¡¡seems¡¡fairly¡¡well¡¡to¡¡deserve¡¡its¡¡name¡£¡¡¡¡Its¡¡thickness£»¡¡
where¡¡there¡¡was¡¡no¡¡causeway£»¡¡floor¡¡or¡¡walls¡¡beneath£»¡¡was¡¡greater¡¡
than¡¡has¡¡been¡¡elsewhere¡¡observed£»¡¡namely£»¡¡in¡¡many¡¡places¡¡above¡¡2¡¡
ft¡££»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡one¡¡spot¡¡above¡¡3¡¡ft¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡mould¡¡was¡¡thickest¡¡on¡¡and¡¡
close¡¡to¡¡the¡¡nearly¡¡level¡¡summit¡¡of¡¡the¡¡field¡¡called¡¡¡¨Shop¡¡
Leasows£»¡¨¡¡and¡¡in¡¡a¡¡small¡¡adjoining¡¡field£»¡¡which£»¡¡as¡¡I¡¡believe£»¡¡is¡¡
of¡¡nearly¡¡the¡¡same¡¡height¡£¡¡¡¡One¡¡side¡¡of¡¡the¡¡former¡¡field¡¡slopes¡¡at¡¡
an¡¡angle¡¡of¡¡rather¡¡above¡¡2¡¡degrees£»¡¡and¡¡I¡¡should¡¡have¡¡expected¡¡that¡¡
the¡¡mould£»¡¡from¡¡being¡¡washed¡¡down¡¡during¡¡heavy¡¡rain£»¡¡would¡¡have¡¡
been¡¡thicker¡¡in¡¡the¡¡lower¡¡than¡¡in¡¡the¡¡upper¡¡part£»¡¡but¡¡this¡¡was¡¡not¡¡
the¡¡case¡¡in¡¡two¡¡out¡¡of¡¡the¡¡three¡¡trenches¡¡here¡¡dug¡£

In¡¡many¡¡places£»¡¡where¡¡streets¡¡ran¡¡beneath¡¡the¡¡surface£»¡¡or¡¡where¡¡old¡¡
buildings¡¡stood£»¡¡the¡¡mould¡¡was¡¡only¡¡8¡¡inches¡¡in¡¡thickness£»¡¡and¡¡Dr¡£¡¡¡¡
Johnson¡¡was¡¡surprised¡¡that¡¡in¡¡ploughing¡¡the¡¡land£»¡¡the¡¡ruins¡¡had¡¡
never¡¡been¡¡struck¡¡by¡¡the¡¡plough¡¡as¡¡far¡¡as¡¡he¡¡had¡¡heard¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡thinks¡¡
that¡¡when¡¡the¡¡land¡¡was¡¡first¡¡cultivated¡¡the¡¡old¡¡walls¡¡were¡¡perhaps¡¡
intentionally¡¡pulled¡¡down£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡hollow¡¡places¡¡were¡¡filled¡¡up¡£¡¡¡¡
This¡¡may¡¡have¡¡been¡¡the¡¡case£»¡¡but¡¡if¡¡after¡¡the¡¡desertion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡city¡¡
the¡¡land¡¡was¡¡left¡¡for¡¡many¡¡centuries¡¡uncultivated£»¡¡worms¡¡would¡¡have¡¡
brought¡¡up¡¡enough¡¡fine¡¡earth¡¡to¡¡have¡¡covered¡¡the¡¡ruins¡¡completely£»¡¡
that¡¡is¡¡if¡¡they¡¡had¡¡subsided¡¡from¡¡having¡¡been¡¡undermined¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡
foundations¡¡of¡¡some¡¡of¡¡the¡¡walls£»¡¡for¡¡instance¡¡those¡¡of¡¡the¡¡portion¡¡
still¡¡standing¡¡about¡¡20¡¡feet¡¡above¡¡the¡¡ground£»¡¡and¡¡those¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
marketplace£»¡¡lie¡¡at¡¡the¡¡extraordinary¡¡depth¡¡of¡¡14¡¡feet£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡is¡¡
highly¡¡improbable¡¡that¡¡the¡¡foundations¡¡were¡¡generally¡¡so¡¡deep¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡
mortar¡¡employed¡¡in¡¡the¡¡buildings¡¡must¡¡have¡¡been¡¡excellent£»¡¡for¡¡it¡¡
is¡¡still¡¡in¡¡parts¡¡extremely¡¡hard¡£¡¡¡¡Wherever¡¡walls¡¡of¡¡any¡¡height¡¡
have¡¡been¡¡exposed¡¡to¡¡view£»¡¡they¡¡are£»¡¡as¡¡Dr¡£¡¡¡¡Johnson¡¡believes£»¡¡
still¡¡perpendicular¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡walls¡¡with¡¡such¡¡deep¡¡foundations¡¡cannot¡¡
have¡¡been¡¡undermined¡¡by¡¡worms£»¡¡and¡¡therefore¡¡cannot¡¡have¡¡subsided£»¡¡
as¡¡appears¡¡to¡¡have¡¡occurred¡¡at¡¡Abinger¡¡and¡¡Silchester¡£¡¡¡¡Hence¡¡it¡¡is¡¡
very¡¡difficult¡¡to¡¡account¡¡for¡¡their¡¡being¡¡now¡¡completely¡¡covered¡¡
with¡¡earth£»¡¡but¡¡how¡¡much¡¡of¡¡this¡¡covering¡¡consists¡¡of¡¡vegetable¡¡
mould¡¡and¡¡how¡¡much¡¡of¡¡rubble¡¡I¡¡do¡¡not¡¡know¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡market¡­place£»¡¡with¡¡
the¡¡foundations¡¡at¡¡a¡¡depth¡¡of¡¡14¡¡feet£»¡¡was¡¡covered¡¡up£»¡¡as¡¡Dr¡£¡¡¡¡
Johnson¡¡believes£»¡¡by¡¡between¡¡6¡¡and¡¡24¡¡inches¡¡of¡¡earth¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡tops¡¡of¡¡
the¡¡broken¡­down¡¡walls¡¡of¡¡a¡¡caldarium¡¡or¡¡bath£»¡¡9¡¡feet¡¡in¡¡depth£»¡¡were¡¡
likewise¡¡covered¡¡up¡¡with¡¡nearly¡¡2¡¡feet¡¡of¡¡earth¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡summit¡¡of¡¡an¡¡
arch£»¡¡leading¡¡into¡¡an¡¡ash¡­pit¡¡7¡¡feet¡¡in¡¡depth£»¡¡was¡¡covered¡¡up¡¡with¡¡
not¡¡more¡¡than¡¡8¡¡inches¡¡of¡¡earth¡£¡¡¡¡Whenever¡¡a¡¡building¡¡which¡¡has¡¡not¡¡
subsided¡¡is¡¡covered¡¡with¡¡earth£»¡¡we¡¡must¡¡suppose£»¡¡either¡¡that¡¡the¡¡
upper¡¡layers¡¡of¡¡stone¡¡have¡¡been¡¡at¡¡some¡¡time¡¡carried¡¡away¡¡by¡¡man£»¡¡
or¡¡that¡¡earth¡¡has¡¡since¡¡been¡¡washed¡¡down¡¡during¡¡heavy¡¡rain£»¡¡or¡¡
blown¡¡down¡¡during¡¡storms£»¡¡from¡¡the¡¡adjoining¡¡land£»¡¡and¡¡this¡¡would¡¡
be¡¡especially¡¡apt¡¡to¡¡occur¡¡where¡¡the¡¡land¡¡has¡¡long¡¡been¡¡cultivated¡£¡¡¡¡
In¡¡the¡¡above¡¡cases¡¡the¡¡adjoining¡¡land¡¡is¡¡somewhat¡¡higher¡¡than¡¡the¡¡
three¡¡specified¡¡sites£»¡¡as¡¡far¡¡as¡¡I¡¡can¡¡judge¡¡by¡¡maps¡¡and¡¡from¡¡
information¡¡given¡¡me¡¡by¡¡Dr¡£¡¡¡¡Johnson¡£¡¡¡¡If£»¡¡however£»¡¡a¡¡great¡¡pile¡¡of¡¡
broken¡¡stones£»¡¡mortar£»¡¡plaster£»¡¡timber¡¡and¡¡ashes¡¡fell¡¡over¡¡the¡¡
remains¡¡of¡¡any¡¡building£»¡¡their¡¡disintegration¡¡in¡¡the¡¡course¡¡of¡¡
time£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡sifting¡¡action¡¡of¡¡worms£»¡¡would¡¡ultimately¡¡conceal¡¡the¡¡
whole¡¡beneath¡¡fine¡¡earth¡£

Conclusion¡£¡¡The¡¡cases¡¡given¡¡in¡¡this¡¡chapter¡¡show¡¡that¡¡worms¡¡have¡¡
played¡¡a¡¡considerable¡¡part¡¡in¡¡the¡¡burial¡¡and¡¡concealment¡¡of¡¡several¡¡
Roman¡¡and¡¡other¡¡old¡¡buildings¡¡in¡¡England£»¡¡but¡¡no¡¡doubt¡¡the¡¡washing¡¡
down¡¡of¡¡soil¡¡from¡¡the¡¡neighbouring¡¡higher¡¡lands£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡deposition¡¡
of¡¡dust£»¡¡have¡¡together¡¡aided¡¡largely¡¡in¡¡the¡¡work¡¡of¡¡concealment¡£¡¡¡¡
Dust¡¡would¡¡be¡¡apt¡¡to¡¡accumulate¡¡wherever¡¡old¡¡broken¡­down¡¡walls¡¡
projected¡¡a¡¡little¡¡above¡¡the¡¡then¡¡existing¡¡surface¡¡and¡¡thus¡¡
afforded¡¡some¡¡shelter¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡floors¡¡of¡¡the¡¡old¡¡rooms£»¡¡halls¡¡and¡¡
passages¡¡have¡¡generally¡¡sunk£»¡¡partly¡¡from¡¡the¡¡settling¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
ground£»¡¡but¡¡chiefly¡¡from¡¡having¡¡been¡¡undermined¡¡by¡¡worms£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡
sinking¡¡has¡¡commonly¡¡been¡¡greater¡¡in¡¡the¡¡middle¡¡than¡¡near¡¡the¡¡
walls¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡walls¡¡themselves£»¡¡whenever¡¡their¡¡foundations¡¡do¡¡not¡¡lie¡¡
at¡¡a¡¡great¡¡depth£»¡¡have¡¡been¡¡penetrated¡¡and¡¡undermined¡¡by¡¡worms£»¡¡and¡¡
have¡¡consequently¡¡subsided¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡unequal¡¡subsidence¡¡thus¡¡caused£»¡¡
probably¡¡explains¡¡the¡¡great¡¡cracks¡¡which¡¡may¡¡be¡¡seen¡¡in¡¡many¡¡
ancient¡¡walls£»¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡their¡¡inclination¡¡from¡¡the¡¡perpendicular¡£



CHAPTER¡¡VTHE¡¡ACTION¡¡OF¡¡WORMS¡¡IN¡¡THE¡¡DENUDATION¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡LAND¡£



Evidence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡amount¡¡of¡¡denudation¡¡which¡¡the¡¡land¡¡has¡¡undergone
Sub¡­aerial¡¡denudationThe¡¡deposition¡¡of¡¡dustVegetable¡¡mould£»¡¡its¡¡
dark¡¡colour¡¡and¡¡fine¡¡texture¡¡largely¡¡due¡¡to¡¡the¡¡action¡¡of¡¡worms
The¡¡disintegration¡¡of¡¡rocks¡¡by¡¡the¡¡humus¡­acids¡¡Similar¡¡acids¡¡
apparently¡¡generated¡¡within¡¡the¡¡bodies¡¡of¡¡wormsThe¡¡action¡¡of¡¡
these¡¡acids¡¡facilitated¡¡by¡¡the¡¡continued¡¡movement¡¡of¡¡the¡¡particles¡¡
of¡¡earthA¡¡thick¡¡bed¡¡of¡¡mould¡¡checks¡¡the¡¡disintegration¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
underlying¡¡soil¡¡and¡¡rocks¡£¡¡¡¡Particles¡¡of¡¡stone¡¡worn¡¡or¡¡triturated¡¡
in¡¡the¡¡gizzards¡¡of¡¡wormsSwallowed¡¡stones¡¡serve¡¡as¡¡mill¡­stones
The¡¡levigated¡¡state¡¡of¡¡the¡¡castingsFragments¡¡of¡¡brick¡¡in¡¡the¡¡
castings¡¡over¡¡ancient¡¡buildings¡¡well¡¡rounded¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡triturating¡¡
power¡¡of¡¡worms¡¡not¡¡quite¡¡insignificant¡¡under¡¡a¡¡geological¡¡point¡¡of¡¡
view¡£


No¡¡one¡¡doubts¡¡that¡¡our¡¡world¡¡at¡¡one¡¡time¡¡consisted¡¡of¡¡crystalline¡¡
rocks£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡to¡¡their¡¡disintegration¡¡through¡¡the¡¡action¡¡of¡¡
air£»¡¡water£»¡¡changes¡¡of¡¡temperature£»¡¡rivers£»¡¡waves¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sea£»¡¡
earthquakes¡¡and¡¡volcanic¡¡outbursts£»¡¡that¡¡we¡¡owe¡¡our¡¡sedimentary¡¡
formations¡£¡¡¡¡These¡¡after¡¡being¡¡consolidated¡¡and¡¡sometimes¡¡
recrystallized£»¡¡have¡¡often¡¡been¡¡again¡¡disintegrated¡£¡¡¡¡Denudation¡¡
means¡¡the¡¡removal¡¡of¡¡such¡¡disintegrated¡¡matter¡¡to¡¡a¡¡lower¡¡level¡£¡¡¡¡
Of¡¡the¡¡many¡¡striking¡¡results¡¡due¡¡to¡¡the¡¡modern¡¡progress¡¡of¡¡geology¡¡
there¡¡are¡¡hardly¡¡any¡¡more¡¡striking¡¡than¡¡those¡¡which¡¡relate¡¡to¡¡
denudation¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡was¡¡long¡¡ago¡¡seen¡¡that¡¡there¡¡must¡¡have¡¡been¡¡an¡¡
immense¡¡amount¡¡of¡¡denudation£»¡¡but¡¡until¡¡the¡¡successive¡¡formations¡¡
were¡¡carefully¡¡mapped¡¡and¡¡measured£»¡¡no¡¡one¡¡fully¡¡realised¡¡how¡¡great¡¡
was¡¡the¡¡amount¡£¡¡¡¡One¡¡of¡¡the¡¡first¡¡and¡¡most¡¡remarkable¡¡memoirs¡¡ever¡¡
published¡¡on¡¡this¡¡subject¡¡was¡¡that¡¡by¡¡Ramsay£»¡¡£û57£ý¡¡who¡¡in¡¡1846¡¡
showed¡¡that¡¡in¡¡Wales¡¡from¡¡9000¡¡to¡¡11£»000¡¡feet¡¡in¡¡thickness¡¡of¡¡solid¡¡
rock¡¡had¡¡been¡¡stripped¡¡off¡¡large¡¡tracks¡¡of¡¡country¡£¡¡¡¡Perhaps¡¡the¡¡
plainest¡¡e

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ