the higher learning in america-第13章

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would　be　viewed　with　some　apprehension　by　all　persons　interested



in　the　case　and　cognizant　of　the　facts。　The　only　exception　might



be　cases　where；　by　tradition；　the　board　habitually　includes　a



considerable　proportion　of　clergymen：







　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　〃Such　great　regard　is　always　lent



　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　By　men　to　ancient　precedent。〃











　　　　The　reasons　alleged　are　no　doubt　convincing　to　those　who　are



ready　to　be　so　convinced；　but　they　are　after　all　more　plausible



at　first　sight　than　on　reflection。　In　point　of　fact　these



businesslike　governing　boards　commonly　exercise　little　if　any



current　surveillance　of　the　corporate　affairs　of　the　university；



beyond　a　directive　oversight　of　the　distribution　of　expenditures



among　the　several　academic　purposes　for　which　the　corporate



income　is　to　be　used；　that　is　to　say；　they　control　the　budget　of



expenditures；　which　comes　to　saying　that　they　exercise　a



pecuniary　discretion　in　the　case　mainly　in　the　way　of　deciding



what　the　body　of　academic　men　that　constitutes　the　university　may



or　may　not　do　with　the　means　in　hand；　that　is　to　say；　their



pecuniary　surveillance　comes　in　the　main　to　an　interference　with



the　academic　work；　the　merits　of　which　these　men　of　affairs　on



the　governing　board　are　in　no　special　degree　qualified　to　judge。



Beyond　this；　as　touches　the　actual　running　administration　of　the



corporation's　investments；　income　and　expenditures；　　all　that



is　taken　care　of　by　permanent　officials　who　have；　as　they



necessarily　must；　sole　and　responsible　charge　of　those　matters。



Even　the　auditing　of　the　corporation's　accounts　is　commonly



vested　in　such　officers　of　the　corporation；　who　have　none　but　a



formal；　if　any；　direct　connection　with　the　governing　board。　The



governing　board；　or　more　commonly　a　committee　of　the　board；　on



the　other　hand；　will　then　formally　review　the　balance　sheets　and



bundles　of　vouchers　duly　submitted　by　the　corporation's　fiscal



officers　and　their　clerical　force；　　with　such　effect　of



complaisant　oversight　as　will　best　be　appreciated　by　any　person



who　has　bad　the　fortune　to　look　into　the　accounts　of　a　large



corporation。







　　　　So　far　as　regards　its　pecuniary　affairs　and　their　due



administration；　the　typical　modern　university　is　in　a　position；



without　loss　or　detriment；　to　dispense　with　the　services　of　any



board　of　trustees；　regents；　curators；　or　what　not。　Except　for　the



insuperable　difficulty　of　getting　a　hearing　for　such　an



extraordinary　proposal；　it　should　be　no　difficult　matter　to　show



that　these　governing　boards　of　businessmen　commonly　are　quite



useless　to　the　university　for　any　businesslike　purpose。　Indeed；



except　for　a　stubborn　prejudice　to　the　contrary；　the　fact　should



readily　be　seen　that　the　boards　are　of　no　material　use　in　any



connection；　their　sole　effectual　function　being　to　interfere　with



the　academic　management　in　matters　that　are　not　of　the　nature　of



business；　and　that　lie　outside　their　competence　and　outside　the



range　of　their　habitual　interest。



　　　　The　governing　boards　　trustees；　regents；　curators；　fellows；



whatever　their　style　and　title　　are　an　aimless　survival　from



the　days　of　clerical　rule；　when　they　were　presumably　of　some



effect　in　enforcing　conformity　to　orthodox　opinions　and



observances；　among　the　academic　staff。　At　that　time；　when　means



for　maintenance　of　the　denominational　colleges　commonly　had　to　be



procured　by　an　appeal　to　impecunious　congregations；　it　fell　to



these　bodies　of　churchmen　to　do　service　as　sturdy　beggars　for



funds　with　which　to　meet　current　expenses。　So　that　as　long　as　the



boards　were　made　up　chiefly　of　clergymen　they　served　a　pecuniary



purpose；　whereas；　since　their　complexion　has　been　changed　by　the



substitution　of　businessmen　in　the　place　of　ecclesiastics；　they



have　ceased　to　exercise　any　function　other　than　a　bootless



meddling　with　academic　matters　which　they　do　not　understand。　The



sole　ground　of　their　retention　appears　to　be　an　unreflecting



deferential　concession　to　the　usages　of　corporate　organization



and　control；　such　as　have　been　found　advantageous　for　the　pursuit



of　private　gain　by　businessmen　banded　together　in　the



exploitation　of　joint…stock　companies　with　limited　liability。（1*）



　　　　The　fact　remains；　the　modern　civilized　community　is　reluctant



to　trust　its　serious　interests　to　others　than　men　of　pecuniary



substance；　who　have　proved　their　fitness　for　the　direction　of



academic　affairs　by　acquiring；　or　by　otherwise　being　possessed



of；　considerable　wealth。（2*）　It　is　not　simply　that　experienced



businessmen　are；　on　mature　reflection；　judged　to　be　the　safest



and　most　competent　trustees　of　the　university's　fiscal　interests。



The　preference　appears　to　be　almost　wholly　impulsive；　and　a



matter　of　habitual　bias。　It　is　due　for　the　greater　part　to　the



high　esteem　currently　accorded　to　men　of　wealth　at　large；　and



especially　to　wealthy　men　who　have　succeeded　in　business；　quite



apart　from　any　special　capacity　shown　by　such　success　for　the



guardianship　of　any　institution　of　learning。　Business　success　is



by　common　consent；　and　quite　uncritically；　taken　to　be　conclusive



evidence　of　wisdom　even　in　matters　that　have　no　relation　to



business　affairs。　So　that　it　stands　as　a　matter　of　course　that



businessmen　must　be　preferred　for　the　guardianship　and　control　of



that　intellectual　enterprise　for　the　pursuit　of　which　the



university　is　established；　as　well　as　to　take　care　of　the



pecuniary　welfare　of　the　university　corporation。　And；　full　of　the



same　naive　faith　that　business　success　〃answereth　all　things；〃



these　businessmen　into　whose　hands　this　trust　falls　are　content



to　accept　the　responsibility　and　confident　to　exercise　full



discretion　in　these　matters　with　which　they　have　no　special



familiarity。　Such　is　the　outcome；　to　the　present　date；　of　the



recent　and　current　secularization　of　the　governing　boards。　The



final　discretion　in　the　affairs　of　the　seats　of　learning　is



entrusted　to　men　who　have　proved　their　capacity　for　work　that　has



nothing　in　common　with　the　higher　learning。（3*）



　　　　As　bearing　on　the　case　of　the　American　universities；　it



should　be　called　to　mind　that　the　businessmen　of　this　country；　as



a　class；　are　of　a　notably　conservative　habit　of　mind。　In　a　degree



scarcely　equalled　in　any　community　that　can　lay　claim　to　a



modicum　of　intelligence　and　enterprise；　the　spirit　of　American



business　is　a　spirit　of　quietism；　caution；　compromise；　collusion；



and　chicane。　It　is　not　that　the　spirit　of　enterprise　or　of　unrest



is　wanting　in　this　community；　but　only　that；　by　selective　effect



of　the　conditioning　circumstances；　persons　affected　with　that



spirit　are　excluded　from　the　management　of　business；　and　so　do



not　come　into　the　class　of　successful　businessmen　from　which　the



governing　boards　are　drawn。　American　inventors　are　bold　and



resourceful；　perhaps　beyond　the　common　run　of　their　class



elsewhere；　but　it　has　become　a　commonplace　that　American



inventors　habitually　die　poor；　and　one　does　not　find　them



represented　on　the　boards　in　question。　American　engineers　and



technologists　are　as　good　and　efficient　as　their　kind　in　other



countries。　but　they　do　not　as　a　class　accumulate　wealth　enough　to



entitle　them　to　sit　on　the　directive　board　of　any　self…respecting



university；　nor　can　they　claim　even　a　moderate　rank　as　〃safe　and



sane〃　men　of　business。　American　explorers；　prospectors　and



pioneers　can　not　be　said　to　fall　short　of　the　common　measure　in



hardihood；　insight；　temerity　or　tenacity；　but　wealth　does　not



accumulate　in　their　hands；　and　it　is　a　common　saying；　of　them　as



of　the　inventors；　that　they　are　not　fit　to　conduct　their　own



（pecuniary）　affairs；　and　the　reminder　is　scarcely　needed　that



neither　they　nor　their　qualities　are　drawn　into　the　counsels　of



these　governing　boards。　The　wealth　and　the　serviceable　results



that　come　of　the　endeavours　of　these　enterprising　and　temerarious



Americans　habitually　inure　to　the　benefit　of　such　of　their



compatriots　as　are　endowed　with　a　〃safe　and　sane〃　spirit　of



〃watchful　waiting；〃　　of　caution；　collusion　and　chicane。　There



is　a　homely　but　well…accepted　American　colloquialism　which　says



that　〃The　silent　hog　eats　the　swill。〃



　　　　As　elsewhere；　but　in　a　higher　degree　and　a　more　cogent　sense



than　elsewhere；　success　in　business　affairs；　in　such　measure　as



to　command　the　requisite　deference；　comes　only　by　getting



something　for　nothing。　And；　baring　　accidents　and　within　the



law；　it　is　only　the　waiting　game　and　the　defensive　tactics　that



will　bring　gains　of　that　kind；　unless　it　be　strategy　of　the



nature　of　finesse　and　chicane。　Now　it　happens　that　American



conditions　during　the　past　one　hundred　years　have　been　peculiarly



favourable　to　the　patient　and　circumspect　man　who　will　rather



wait　than　work；　and　it　is　also　during　these　hundred　years　that



the　current　traditions　and　standards　of　business　conduct　and　of



businesslike　talent　have　taken　shape　and　been　incorporated　in　the



community's　common　sense。　America　has　been　a　land　of　free　and



abounding　resources；　which　is　to　say；　when　converted　into　terms



of　economic　theory；　that　it　is　the　land　of　the　unearned



increment。　In　all　directions；　wherever　enterprise　and　industry



have　gone；　the　opportunity　was　wide　and　large　for　such　as　had　the



patience　or　astuteness　to　place　themselves　in　the　way　of　this



multifarious　flow　of　the　unearned　increment；　and　were　endowed



with　the　retentive　grasp。　Putting　aside　the　illusions　of　public



spirit　and　diligent　serviceability；　sedulously　cultivated　by　the



apologists　of　business；　it　will　readily　be　seen　that　the　great



mass　of　reputably　large　fortunes　in　this　country　are　of　such　an



origin；　nor　will　it　cost　anything　beyond　a　similar　lesion　to　the



affections　to　confirm　the　view　that　such　is　the　origin　and　line



of　derivation　of　the　American　propertied　business　community　and



its　canons　of　right　and　honest　living。







　　　　It　is　a　common　saying　that　the　modern　taste　has　been　unduly



commercialized　by　the　unremitting　attention　necessarily　given　to



matters　of　price　and　of　profit　and　loss　in　an　industrial



community　organized　on　business　principles；　that　pecuniary



standards　of　excellence　are　habitually　accepted　and　applied　with



undue　freedom　and　finality。　But　what　is　scarcely　appreciated　at



its　full　value　is　the　fact　that　these　pecuniary　standards　of



merit